Hypertension in pregnancy: The current state of the art

Barra, Sérgio; Cachulo, Maria do Carmo; Providência, Rui; Leitão‐Marques, António

doi:10.1016/j.repce.2012.01.016

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Some of the most common pathologies of pregnancy include hypertensive disease, diagnosed through blood pressure, Laser Doppler and Ultrasonography (Barra et al, 2012), and gestational diabetes, diagnosed with glucose tests (Wei and Yang, 2012;Gauster et al, 2012). Other complications include venous insufficiency, diagnosed using Laser Doppler or Ultrasonography, lumbar lordosis, identified using X-ray, and cramps, seen in Electromyography (Kaaja, 2009;Kelly et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal skin reference values in healthy late pregnancy

Simões¹,

Vardasca²,

Nogueira‐Silva³

2012

Journal of Thermal Biology

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a b s t r a c tDigital thermal imaging has been employed in medicine for over 50 years. However, its use has been focused on vascular, musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, while other potential applications, such as obstetrics, have been much less explored.This paper presents a study conducted during 2011 at the Hospital of Braga on a group of healthy pregnant women in the last third of gestation. The analysis focused on characterizing typical pregnant women steady temperature profiles in specific defined regions of interest (ROI), and determining if the thermal symmetry values for late pregnant healthy women are in line with the values for non-pregnant healthy women.A temperature distribution pattern was found in the defined ROI. The obtained thermal symmetry value had a maximum of 0.370.2 1C, and there was no evidence for the influence of age (p40.05) in the observed group. The influence of the BMI requires further investigation since one ROI (P2 right) presented a p¼ 0.059, close to the threshold of statistical evidence in the influence of BMI. The study group presented symmetry values in line with non-pregnant reference values, but the profiles in temperature distribution are different. Assumptions can therefore now be used with higher confidence when assessing abnormalities in specific pathologic states during pregnancy using the defined ROI. This work represents a first contribution towards establishing guidelines for future research in this specific field of study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal skin reference values in healthy late pregnancy

Simões¹,

Vardasca²,

Nogueira‐Silva³

2012

Journal of Thermal Biology

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“…During the gestation, there is a 40% increase in cardiac output in women, while in pregnant bitches, an increase of 23% is suggested as a way of responding to increased circulating blood volume [2]. To balance this out, the pregnant uterus acts to lower the pressure of the vascular system, causing a significant decrease in vascular resistance and consequent physiological reduction in SBP [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SBP was obtained by a non-invasive method with vascular Doppler ultrasound (DV 610V Medmega) 3 on the palmar metacarpal region of the left forelimb with the animal in right lateral decubitus. He was placed into the cuff (the width corresponding to 40% of the toracic member's circumference) on the proximal third of the radioulnar region.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Evaluation in Bitches in Oestrus, Pregnancy and Puerperium

Aguiar

Aptekmann

Egert

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Pregnancy may change maternal hemodynamic, which is considered a physiological mechanism for adaptation. Cardiac output tends to be influenced by reductions in vascular resistance and increases in uterine vasculature, as well as reduced autonomic tone combined with gestational physiological anaemia and increased blood volume due to increased plasma volume and hormonal mechanisms. In bitches, few studies have been conducted investigating the changes of the system and the clinical implications for the mother and foetuses due to poor cardiac adaptation during pregnancy.Materials, Methods & Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), electrocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic measurements and serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels were evaluated in six bitches of reproductive age. An evaluation was performed in oestrus (M0), followed by evaluations at 25 (M1), 45 (M2), and 60 days (M3) after the last natural or artificial insemination and 15 days after delivery (M4). For the statistical analysis, the means, medians and the standard deviation were calculated. The data were analysed using ANOVA and the Tukey test, with significance level of 5%. A descriptive analysis was performed for color Doppler in echocardiogram evaluation, cardiac axis and rhythm in electrocardiogram evaluation. In the electrolytic evaluation, significant differences were found only in the serum levels of Na, noticed as a reduction in M0-M1 and M3-M2 and an increase in M1-M2 and M3-M4. No significant differences were observed in the SBP, although there was a tendency to SBP reduction. ECG parameters were not significantly different, with no rhythm or conduction disturbances. There was not a significant difference in HR. Four animals (66.6%) had axis deviation to the right when comparing the oestrous phase with the final quarter of pregnancy. The echocardiographic parameters did not show significant changes.Discussion: The reduction observed in Na can occur by salt depletion, by dilutional or metabolic mechanisms. In contrast, the elevation in Na concentration could occur as a result of fluid and electrolyte retention by kidneys during gestation. The absence of electrocardiographic changes may be justified by the stability of mean serum potassium concentrations. An increase in HR five days before the expected calving time, demonstrating the maximum cardiac activity in this gestational phase, is related by other authors, therefore, in the present study, the absence of significant change in HR can be explained by the period in which the data collection was performed, 45 days of gestation, being therefore prior to the period of greatest HR. The cardiac axis deviation can be explained by the distension of the gravid uterus that cause compression of the adjacent organs, leading to diaphragmatic compression and consequent repositioning of the thoracic structures. A tendency to SBP reduction observed is directly influenced by peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output that occur during pregnancy. Although the echocardiographic findings did not show changes, it is suggested that there are changes related to increased blood volume in pregnancy to provide an appropriate blood flow to the conceptus. It was concluded that pregnancy and the postpartum period in bitches did not cause changes in electrolytes levels, SBP values, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters as compared to values obtained during oestrus.

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“…Quanto à Hipertensão, a prevalência (15,6%) encontrada é semelhante às relatadas por outros inquéritos no Brasil (FREITAS et al, 2005;SPINDOLA et al, 2006;CUNHA, 2008;BRASIL, 2010a;BARRA et al, 2012 Esses dados evidenciam o perfil das pacientes e confirmam a importância da assistência pré-natal que compreende todas as medidas introduzidas e/ou recomendadas durante a gestação com objetivo de preservar a saúde materno-fetal e reduzir a morbi-mortalidade do binômio mãe-filho.…”

Section: Marcos Gontijo Da Silva éRica Eugênio Lourenço Gontijo Dayunclassified

O perfil epidemiológico de gestantes atendidas nas unidades básicas de saúde de Gurupi, Tocantins

et al. 2015

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This set out to trace the clinical and socio-demographic profile of pregnant women served by the SUS (Brazilian Health System) in the municipality of Gurupi, Tocantins. A retrospective analysis was done in UBS (Basic Health Units) of the city. 6583 pregnant women were evaluated and selected 1049 women.Demographic, social and clinical data were collected. Data were tabulated on Epi-Info 3.3.2 program being applied descriptive statistics with 95%. It was observed that 47.0% did not undergo the six prenatal visits, 83.1% were black or brown and 46.4% had no profession. It was found acute toxoplasmosis 5.0%(52/1049), syphilis 3.6% (38/1049), hepatitis B 2.7% (28/1049), herpes simplex virus 2.0% (21/1049), HIV 1.9% (20/1049), hypertension in 15.6% (164/1049), neurological disease 1.2% (13/1049), diabetes 1.1% (12/1049). headache 38%, pain in the lower abdomen 35.5% and 19.2% vaginal discharge. We conclude that the prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases in pregnant women in the Gurupi municipality is extremely high.

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Hypertension in pregnancy: The current state of the art

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Thermal skin reference values in healthy late pregnancy

Thermal skin reference values in healthy late pregnancy

Cardiovascular Evaluation in Bitches in Oestrus, Pregnancy and Puerperium

O perfil epidemiológico de gestantes atendidas nas unidades básicas de saúde de Gurupi, Tocantins

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