Hypertension Prevalence and Determinants among Black South African Adults in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas

Mphekgwana, Peter M.; Malema, Rambelani Nancy; Monyeki, KD; Mothiba, Tebogo Maria; Makgahlela, Mpsanyana; Kgatla, Nancy; Makgato, Irene; Sodi, Tholene

doi:10.3390/ijerph17207463

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and fruits are rich sources of folate and serum folate has therefore been proposed as an objective indicator of fruit and vegetable intake with evidence from observational and intervention studies [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Our findings of an inverse association between serum folate and the metabolic syndrome and diastolic blood pressure confirm previously reported cross-sectional studies in SSA showing an inverse association between a dietary pattern rich in fruit and vegetable intake and the metabolic syndrome [ 38 ] and hypertension [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In addition, a meta-analysis of nine prospective studies showed that higher meat consumption (particularly red and processed meat) was linked to a higher risk of the metabolic syndrome [ 4 ]. A few cross-sectional studies in SSA have reported an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and hypertension [ 5 , 6 ] and no association between meat intake and hypertension [ 7 ]. The results of a meta-analysis of 47 studies from 22 SSA countries suggest fruit and vegetable intake is low in SSA, with 79.1% of adults reporting fruit and vegetable intakes below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended minimum daily consumption of 400 g, while meat consumption is high (51% of adults consuming >70 g daily) [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon

et al. 2021

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A low intake of fruit and vegetables and a high intake of meat are associated with higher cardiometabolic disease risk; however much prior research has relied on subjective methods for dietary assessment and focused on Western populations. We aimed to investigate the association of blood folate as an objective marker of fruit and vegetable intake and holotranscobalamin (holoTC) as a marker of animal-sourced food intake with cardiometabolic risk factors. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study on 578 adults (mean ± SD age = 38.2 ± 8.6 years; 64% women). The primary outcome was a continuous metabolic syndrome score. The median serum folate was 12.9 (IQR: 8.6–20.5) nmol/L and the mean holoTC was 75 (SD: 34.3) pmol/L. Rural residents demonstrated higher serum folate concentrations (15.9 (9.8–25.9) nmol/L) than urban residents (11.3 (7.9–15.8) nmol/L), but lower holoTC concentrations (rural: 69.8 (32.9) pmol/L; urban: 79.8 (34.9)) pmol/L, p < 0.001 for both comparisons. There was an inverse association between serum folate and metabolic syndrome score by −0.20 in the z-score (95% CI, −0.38 to −0.02) per 10.8 (1 SD) of folate) in a model adjusted for socio-demographic factors, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, and physical activity. HoloTC was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome score in unadjusted analysis (0.33 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.56)) but became non-significant (0.17 (−0.05 to 0.39)) after adjusting for socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. In conclusion, serum folate and holoTC were associated with the metabolic syndrome score in opposite directions. The positive association between serum holoTC and the metabolic syndrome score was partly dependent on sociodemographic characteristics. These findings suggest that, based on these biomarkers reflecting dietary intakes, public health approaches promoting a higher intake of fruit and vegetables may lower cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon

et al. 2021

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“…Globally, HBP account for 9.4 million deaths each year [27,28]. During 2015 to 2020, studies in South Africa estimated the prevalence of HBP among men to be between 17% and 49.5% [29][30][31]. The country is faced with a growing burden of HBP, concurrent with a rapid increase of T2D (i.e., raised glucose levels), another major source of morbidity and mortality, collectively owing to epidemiological transition, poor diets and inactive lifestyle [32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hypertension and Diabetes among Truck Drivers in a Logistics Company, South Africa

et al. 2022

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Despite the occupational nature of truckers predisposing them to cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, data is scarce on their prevalence of obesity and its association with developing hypertension (HBP) and diabetes in South Africa. Extracted from the original cross-sectional study of a sample of 312 employees in a logistics company, a census of 96 male truckers was used to determine the prevalence of obesity and its association with HBP and diabetes. WHO STEPwise approach was used to collect data, including systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and anthropometry measurements. HBP is defined as SBP/DBP ≥ 140/90 mmHg, overweight/obesity as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, abdominal obesity by waist circumference as WC ≥ 90cm, waist-to-hip-ratio as WHR ≥ 0.90, and waist-to-height ratio as WHtR ≥ 0.5. Data were analysed using SPSS 22. The mean age of truckers was 46 years, 29% were smokers, and 57% alcohol users, while 26% were physically inactive. The prevalence of overweight (44%) and obesity (30%) were observed, while abdominal obesity was high; WC (59%), WHR (65%), and WHtR (80%). HBP (57%) was prevalent and diabetes was 14%. The odds of developing HBP were high for obese truckers by WC [AOR = 4.68; CI = 1.92–11.34)] and by WHtR [AOR = 5.49 CI = 1.74–17.27), while diabetes was associated with WHR (AOR = 1.19; CI = 1.19–31.21). This study showed an associative link between obesity, HBP, and diabetes among the truckers, which is informative for a relevant prevention programme tailored to their needs.

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“…Unfortunately, the majority of people in South Africa, especially those living in townships and rural areas, were reported to lack knowledge and awareness of CVD and ways to mitigate against the risk [6,8]. Disease knowledge and awareness are important because they could lead to lifestyle changes or better self-management, which become important in CVD prevention and management [12]. To prevent CVD and its impact, it is believed that individuals have to employ various relevant self-management strategies which will assist in achieving a healthier lifestyle while maintaining their quality of life [7,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-management Strategies for Patients with Risk Factors to Reduce the Impact of Cardiovascular Disease in Selected Clinics in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Kgatla¹,

Mothiba²,

Malema³

et al. 2022

TOPHJ

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Background: Cardiovascular diseases are now the leading cause of death worldwide, amounting to 17.8% of all deaths recorded. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it contributes to about 13% of deaths, whereas 80% were recorded from developing countries. A quarter of all deaths are attributable to behavioural and metabolic risk factors due to patients` lack of self-management strategies, which are practices and activities that the patients can use and manage themselves, effectively preventing the development of CVD. Objective: The study aimed to explore patients at risk of CVD’s knowledge of self-management strategies to prevent the development of CVD. Methods: This was a qualitative exploratory and descriptive study conducted in four primary health care settings in two contexts (i.e., a rural and peri-urban setting) in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. The target population were patients with risk factors and diagnosed with either hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Twenty-five patients (male n=9; female n=16) were purposefully sampled and participated in semi-structured individual interviews with a schedule guide. The data was analysed using thematic Tesch’s open coding qualitative data analysis method. Results: Thematically analysed data resulted in three main themes and their related subthemes enumerating patients at risk of CVD’s knowledge regarding disease onset, risk factors, and self-management, including daily challenges affecting disease progression. The major themes isolated are 1) knowledge related to CVD onset, symptoms, and self-management strategies, 2) challenges experienced by persons at risk of developing CVD, 3) suggestions to help improve health and the prevention of the onset of CVD. Conclusion: The study concludes by recommending in-depth CVD awareness and education programs for patients at risk. More importantly, the provision of mental health awareness, counselling, and equipping patients with coping skills are recommended.

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Hypertension Prevalence and Determinants among Black South African Adults in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas

Cited by 16 publications

References 33 publications

Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon

Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon

Obesity as a Risk Factor for Hypertension and Diabetes among Truck Drivers in a Logistics Company, South Africa

Self-management Strategies for Patients with Risk Factors to Reduce the Impact of Cardiovascular Disease in Selected Clinics in Limpopo Province, South Africa

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