Hypervolemia induced by fluid ingestion at rest: effect of sodium concentration

Sugihara, Akira; Fujii, Naoto; Tsuji, Bun; Watanabe, Kazuhito; Niwa, Takehiro; Nishiyasu, Takeshi

doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2933-7

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…F luids containing sodium have been shown to increase plasma volume greater at rest (22,26,31,32,37) and to maintain plasma volume better during exercise (3,4) than water alone. Given the concerns of some about performance impairment from weight loss during exercise of only 2% body weight, recent guidelines recommend ingestion of sodium with fluids during exercise (1,2,6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Sodium Supplementation Necessary to Avoid Dehydration During Prolonged Exercise in the Heat?

Hoffman

Stuempfle

2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The primary purpose of this work was to gain further insight into the need for sodium supplementation for maintenance of appropriate hydration during prolonged exercise under hot conditions. Participants of a 161-km ultramarathon (ambient temperature reaching 39° C) underwent body weight measurements immediately before, during, and after the race, and completed a postrace questionnaire about supplemental sodium intake and drinking strategies during 4 race segments. The postrace questionnaire was completed by 233 (78.7%) race finishers. Significant direct relationships were found for percentage weight change during the race with intake rate (r = 0.18, p = 0.0058) and total amount (r = 0.24, p = 0.0002) of sodium in supplements. Comparing those using no sodium supplements throughout the race (n = 15) with those using sodium supplements each race segment (n = 138), body weight change across the course showed significant group (p = 0.022), course location (p < 0.0001), and interaction (p = 0.0098) effects. Posttests revealed greater weight loss at 90 km (p = 0.016, -3.2 ± 1.6% vs. -2.2 ± 1.5%, mean ± SD) and the finish (p = 0.014, -3.2 ± 1.5% vs. -1.9 ± 1.9%) for those using no sodium supplements compared with those using sodium supplements each segment. Six runners who used no sodium supplements, drank to thirst, and only drank water or a mixture of mostly water with some electrolyte-containing drink finished with mean weight change of -3.4%. Although the use of supplemental sodium enhanced body weight maintenance, those not using sodium supplements maintained a more appropriate weight than those consistently using sodium supplements. Therefore, we conclude that the supplemental sodium is unnecessary to maintain appropriate hydration during prolonged exercise in the heat.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Sodium Supplementation Necessary to Avoid Dehydration During Prolonged Exercise in the Heat?

Hoffman

Stuempfle

2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…The aforementioned study conducted by Fuji et al reported no differences in cumulative urine or plasma volume between 120 mmol/L or 180 mmol/L sodium concentrations, thus denoting that sodium levels higher than 120 mmol/L might not lead to additional benefits in terms of changes in plasma volume [ 193 ]. In a previous study, water and three solutions containing 60, 120, or 180 mmol/L sodium, respectively, were compared [ 194 ]. In trials separated by three days, eight euhydrated males ingested 16–17 mL/kg body weight (≈1 L) of one of the three formulations or water within 60 min, and were followed a total of 150 min under controlled environmental conditions [ 194 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, water and three solutions containing 60, 120, or 180 mmol/L sodium, respectively, were compared [ 194 ]. In trials separated by three days, eight euhydrated males ingested 16–17 mL/kg body weight (≈1 L) of one of the three formulations or water within 60 min, and were followed a total of 150 min under controlled environmental conditions [ 194 ]. As expected, the 120 and 180 mmol/L solutions were shown to be more effective than the 60 mmol/L solution or water at reducing cumulative urine volume and promoting net fluid balance [ 194 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In trials separated by three days, eight euhydrated males ingested 16–17 mL/kg body weight (≈1 L) of one of the three formulations or water within 60 min, and were followed a total of 150 min under controlled environmental conditions [ 194 ]. As expected, the 120 and 180 mmol/L solutions were shown to be more effective than the 60 mmol/L solution or water at reducing cumulative urine volume and promoting net fluid balance [ 194 ]. However, gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea) were only reported in subjects allocated to the 120 (one subject) and 180 mmol/L treatments (six subjects) [ 194 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea) were only reported in subjects allocated to the 120 (one subject) and 180 mmol/L treatments (six subjects) [ 194 ]. Interestingly, a reduction in urine output and an increase in net fluid balance at 120–150 min was observed in individuals drinking the 60 mmol/L sodium solution compared to water intake in isolation, which shows a modest beneficial effect of beverages containing moderate to high amounts of sodium on pre-exercise fluid retention and hypervolemic response [ 194 ]. Of note, effects on water retention are unsurprising since drinks with high electrolyte content, such as ORS, have been shown to have higher BHI than commercial sports drinks and water [ 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited

Pérez-Castillo,

Williams,

López-Chicharro

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise at least euhydrated, ingest fluids containing sodium during long-duration and/or high-intensity exercise to prevent body mass loss over 2% and maintain elevated plasma osmolality, and rapidly restore and retain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis before a second exercise session. To achieve these goals, the compositions of the fluids consumed are key; however, it remains unclear what can be considered an optimal formulation for a hydration beverage in different settings. While carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions such as sports drinks have been extensively explored as a source of carbohydrates to meet fuel demands during intense and long-duration exercise, these formulas might not be ideal in situations where fluid and electrolyte balance is impaired, such as practicing exercise in the heat. Alternately, hypotonic compositions consisting of moderate to high levels of electrolytes (i.e., ≥45 mmol/L), mainly sodium, combined with low amounts of carbohydrates (i.e., <6%) might be useful to accelerate intestinal water absorption, maintain plasma volume and osmolality during exercise, and improve fluid retention during recovery. Future studies should compare hypotonic formulas and sports drinks in different exercise settings, evaluating different levels of sodium and/or other electrolytes, blends of carbohydrates, and novel ingredients for addressing hydration and rehydration before, during, and after exercise.

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Carbohydrate hastens hypervolemia achieved through ingestion of aqueous sodium solution in resting euhydrated humans

et al. 2021

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Hypervolemia induced by fluid ingestion at rest: effect of sodium concentration

Abstract: Beverages containing 120 mmol l(-1) Na(+) induce hypervolemia with a minimum incidence of gastrointestinal problems.

Cited by 7 publications

References 31 publications

Is Sodium Supplementation Necessary to Avoid Dehydration During Prolonged Exercise in the Heat?

Is Sodium Supplementation Necessary to Avoid Dehydration During Prolonged Exercise in the Heat?

Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited

Carbohydrate hastens hypervolemia achieved through ingestion of aqueous sodium solution in resting euhydrated humans

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