“…In almost all cases, there are varying degrees of paresis of the HyN, which appear as ipsilateral deviation, hemiatrophy and fasciculations of the tongue. These symptoms may be accompanied by hoarseness, intermittent-to-persistent headaches, dysarthria, slurred speech, swallowing difficulties and throat cramps (2,4,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Whereas the effects on the specific functions of the nerve may be attributable to the local damage of the tumour on the nerve, these types of lesions, particularly when they increase in volume, may determine mass effects on surrounding or adjacent structures; for example, Mariniello et al (19) reported on the case of a patient who exhibited signs of cerebellar ataxia, right-sided hypotonia and increased intracranial pressure.…”