Hyponatremia and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Hyponatremia, i.e., the presence of a serum sodium concentration ([Na+]) < 136 mEq/L, is the most frequent electrolyte imbalance in the elderly and in hospitalized patients. Symptoms of acute hyponatremia, whose main target is the central nervous system, are explained by the “osmotic theory” and the neuronal swelling secondary to decreased extracellular osmolality, which determines cerebral oedema. Following the description of neurological and systemic manifestations even in mild and chronic hyponatremia, in the last decade reduced extracellular [Na+] was associated with detrimental effects on cellular homeostasis independently of hypoosmolality. Most of these alterations appeared to be elicited by oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on the role of oxidative stress on both osmolality-dependent and -independent impairment of cell and tissue functions observed in hyponatremic conditions. Furthermore, basic and clinical research suggested that oxidative stress appears to be a common denominator of the degenerative processes related to aging, cancer progression, and hyponatremia. Of note, low [Na+] is able to exacerbate multiple manifestations of senescence and to decrease progression-free and overall survival in oncologic patients.

Effects of Reduced Extracellular Sodium Concentrations on Cisplatin Treatment in Human Tumor Cells: The Role of Autophagy

“…Therefore, hyponatremia represents a negative independent prognostic factor in the oncologic setting, and its use as a biomarker to identify high-risk patients affected by lung cancer has been proposed [19]. In agreement with clinical evidence, we have recently demonstrated for the first time that the reduction in extracellular [Na + ] alters the homeostasis of different human cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, by promoting cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenicity [20][21][22][23][24].…”

Influence of cardioplegic solution on the incidence of AKI after CABG procedure: del Nido cardioplegia versus HTK solution: insight of KDIGO criteria

“…However, it remains uncertain whether this response exacerbates renal injury or is involved in maintaining renal function after cell injury. Considering this evidence, hyponatremia can directly harm renal epithelial cells, contributing to AKI or increasing susceptibility to AKI when concurrent with other nephrotoxic insults like ischemia-reperfusion injury, in ammatory cell in ltration, hypoperfusion, among others [25].…”

The Antioxidant Activities In Vitro and In Vivo and Extraction Conditions Optimization of Defatted Walnut Kernel Extract

“…For example, reactive oxygen species (ROS), if not effectively removed, may harm proteins, lipids, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in cells, ultimately leading to cellular damage and cell death [ 11 , 12 ]. A variety of human diseases have been observed to have a bearing on oxidative stress, e.g., cancer [ 13 ], dementia [ 14 ], cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases [ 15 , 16 ], hyponatremia [ 17 ], diabetes [ 18 ], uterine fibroid [ 19 ], and colorectal cancer [ 20 ]. Organisms contain natural defense systems against oxidative stress, including enzymatic antioxidant and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems.…”