Hypoperfusion causes increased production of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α in the isolated, dually perfused placental cotyledon

Interleukin‐6 genotype and risk for cerebral palsy in term and near‐term infants

“…44,45 Similarly, newborns with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury have increased IL-6 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, 13,14 and placental hypoperfusion causes an increase in fetal IL-6 production. 46 Thus, the inflammatory response syndrome may be a common final pathway that links various causes of newborn brain injury, including both inflammatory and hypoxicischemic processes. 12 Although the exact mechanism by which fetal inflammation might injure the brain is unknown, hypothesized mechanisms include neurotoxicity through stimulation of astroglia to produce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, 47 hypoxic-ischemic brain injury caused by hypotension or interruption of placental gas exchange, 48 and increased fetal temperature, which is harmful to the developing brain.…”

Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Blood Characteristics in Severe Mid-Trimester Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome

“…An explanation may be that the cause leading to preterm delivery in TTS is rather the uterine wall distension due to the polyhydramnios, which is reversed by the combined procedure of laser coagulation and amniodrainage, whereas intrauterine infection with raised concentrations of inflammatory cytokines is a common cause for preterm delivery in singleton pregnancies. Additionally, Pierce et al [23] reported elevated IL-6 concentrations with decreased placental perfusion, and Bower et al [24] demonstrated an increase in uterine blood flow after amniodrainage, thus suggesting that decreased placental perfusion due to polyhydramnios may influence IL-6 concentrations.…”

Prognostic Value of Umbilical Artery Doppler Studies in Unselected Preterm Deliveries

“…21 In a study of isolated and perfused placental cotyledons, placental hypoperfusion resulted in increased production of both interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. 22 Increased production of these cytokines at the uteroplacental junction has been repeatedly linked to the occurrence of cerebral white matter damage and infant cerebral palsy. 23 In this study, we were not able to demonstrate a significant prognostic value of abnormal Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery in the absence of fetal growth restriction.…”