Hypospadias mimicking female genitalia on early second trimester sonographic examination

Odeh, Marwan; Ophir, Ella; Bornstein, Jacob

doi:10.1002/jcu.20481

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Unfortunately first trimester ultrasound sex determination has significant false negative rate 29. Studies done in the second trimester have better sensitivity values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination

Igbinedion

Akhigbe

2012

Niger Med J

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Background:Pregnant women have been curious about the sex of their unborn child. The advent of ultrasound, its application into medicine, and the revolutionary changes in its resolution and function has led to the ability to assign a sex to these unborn children, thereby allaying the anxiety of these women but with consequent emergent ethical, moral, psycho-social, and medico-legal issues. The objectives were to determine the accuracy of sonographic prenatal sex determination, perform binary classification test, and the impact it has, including mis-diagnosis.Materials and Methods:A prospective prenatal sonographic sex determination study on 205 consecutive consenting pregnant women aged 20-40 years in a private hospital in Benin between August 2010 and October 2011. Questionnaires were administered to these women before and after the scan and the women were told the sex of the fetuses and their feelings on the determined sex recorded. The sex at birth was confirmed and compared to the scan determined gender by their case note and telephone. Relevant discussions during the scan and later on were recorded on the questionnaires. The statistical package used was SPSS version 17 and binary classification tests were performed.Results:The sensitivity (98.2%) and binary classification components values of prenatal sex determination were high with the sensitivity of detecting a female higher than that of males. Two males were misdiagnosed as females. Most of the women were happy even when the sex differed from that which they desired.Conclusion:Prenatal sonographic sex determination has a high sensitivity index. Consequently we advocate its use prior to more invasive sex tests.

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“…Unfortunately first trimester ultrasound sex determination has significant false negative rate 29. Studies done in the second trimester have better sensitivity values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies done in the second trimester have better sensitivity values. 9 The sensitivity of sonographic determined sex is dependent on the operator, machine, and habitus. Improvement in the sensitivity value increases with high proficiency and experience as well as high-quality machine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination

Igbinedion

Akhigbe

2012

Niger Med J

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“…The cause of hypospadias is most likely a combination of monogenic and multifactorial forms, involving both genetic and environmental factors. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In addition to the determination of fetal sex, the detection of external genitalia anomalies has become an integral component of second trimester anomaly scans. The conventional sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of hypospadia is a small, "blunt-ended" penis with two echogenic lines at the tip, which represent the prepuce lateral folds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because there is improved visualization of the external genitalia at the third trimester, the prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias is not usually made until then. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Here, we report a successful case of the prenatal diagnosis of a penoscrotal hypospadia in the early second trimester of pregnancy. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Prenatal diagnosis of penoscrotal hypospadias and review of the literature

Çayan

2013

Turkish Journal of Urology

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Urinary tract abnormalities are frequently detected during obstetrical ultrasonography (US). However, hypospadia is often missed on prenatal US, despite it being the most common congenital defect of the male external genitalia. The prenatal recognition of hypospadias is important because it will alert the physician to order karyotyping and to look for any possible associated dysmorphic syndromes. Here, we present a case of a penoscrotal hypospadia mimicking female genitalia and describe our experience of applying two-dimensional and three-dimensional US in the prenatal diagnosis of hypospadia. Prenatal ultrasound scans should include a study of the genitals and should not only be used for sex determination.

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Prenatal Diagnosis and Classification of Fetal Hypospadias: The Role and Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Zhang

Yan

et al. 2021

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Background Prenatal diagnosis and classification of hypospadias are difficult and of value for management during perinatal and neonatal periods. The conventional approach for prenatal diagnosis of hypospadias is ultrasound; however, this technique may be inconclusive in certain cases, which prompts for further exploration with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Purpose To investigate the role of MRI in the prenatal diagnosis and classification of fetuses with hypospadias. Study Type Retrospective. Population Thirty‐five fetuses (median gestational age = 37, range 24–39 weeks) with possible hypospadias. Field Strength/Sequence Single‐shot fast spin echo T2‐weighted imaging, fast imaging employing steady‐state acquisition (FIESTA), and three‐dimensional FIESTA acquired at 1.5 T. Assessment Diagnosis and classification of hypospadias using MRI were performed by three experienced radiologists based on MRI features, including a short penile shaft, abnormal penile tip, penile curvature, bifid scrotum, “tulip sign,” and penoscrotal transposition. The accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis and classification of hypospadias was assessed in comparison to postnatal clinical diagnosis. The interobserver agreement between radiologists was also assessed. Statistical Tests Kendall's W test was applied to assess the interobserver agreement between radiologists. Taking postnatal clinical diagnosis as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated. Results Of the 35 fetuses, 24 cases were confirmed as hypospadias through postnatal clinical diagnosis. The interobserver agreement between radiologists was substantial (Kendall's W = 0.781, P < 0.001). Of the 24 confirmed cases (13 cases of severe hypospadias and 11 cases of mild hypospadias), 22 cases were correctly diagnosed by MRI. The accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis of hypospadias, severe hypospadias, and mild hypospadias was 85.71%, 82.86%, and 80.00%, respectively. Data Conclusion MRI has good performance in the diagnosis of fetal hypospadias. In addition, MRI could help evaluate the severity of fetal hypospadias. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2

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Hypospadias mimicking female genitalia on early second trimester sonographic examination

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination

The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination

Prenatal diagnosis of penoscrotal hypospadias and review of the literature

Prenatal Diagnosis and Classification of Fetal Hypospadias: The Role and Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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