Hypospadias Risk from Maternal Residential Exposure to Heavy Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants

White, Jeffrey T.; Kovar, Erin; Chambers, Tiffany M.; Sheth, Kunj R.; Peckham‐Gregory, Erin C.; O’Neill, Michael W.; Langlois, Peter H.; Jorgez, Carolina J.; Lupo, Philip J.; Seth, Abhishek

doi:10.3390/ijerph16060930

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Maternal elevated concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, and Mn have been reported in relation to newborn congenital defects at birth [4][5][6][7]. Small-for-gestational age (SGA) status at birth has been adversely linked to Cd [8] and As [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis

Karakis

Landau

Gat

et al. 2021

Environ Health Prev Med

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Background The majority of studies linking exposure to metals with certain health outcomes focus on known toxic metals. Alternatively, this study assesses the extent to which exposure to a wider range of metals during gestation is associated with childhood morbidity. Methods We analyzed the concentrations of 25 metals found in urine samples of 111 pregnant women of Arab-Bedouin origin collected prior to birth. In addition, we collected medical records on their offspring for six years following birth, including every interaction with HMOs, local hospitals, and pharmacies. Results The main types of morbidities diagnosed and treated during this period were preterm births, malformations, asthma-like morbidity, cardiovascular and behavioral problems, and obesity. Multivariable analysis showed that offspring born before term were more likely to have been exposed to elevated maternal concentrations of zinc, thallium, aluminum, manganese, and uranium, all with adjusted relative risk above 1.40 for an increase by each quintile. Likewise, children with asthma had been exposed to higher levels of magnesium, strontium, and barium at gestation, while behavioral outcomes were associated with elevated biometals, i.e., sodium, magnesium, calcium, selenium, and zinc, as well as higher levels of lithium, cobalt, nickel, strontium, cadmium, vanadium, arsenic, and molybdenum. A heatmap of adjusted relative risk estimates indicates the considerable implications that exposure to metals may have for preterm birth and developmental outcomes. Conclusions The current study shows that perinatal exposure to metals is adversely associated with pediatric morbidity. Further such analyses on additional samples are warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis

Karakis

Landau

Gat

et al. 2021

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…Sixteen studies (three cohort and thirteen case-control studies) were published between 1998 and 2020, with 21,701 hypospadias cases and 1,465,364 participants. Eight studies were conducted in Europe [ 10 , 17 , 22 – 26 , 29 ], six in North America [ 18 , 19 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 30 ], and two in Asia [ 20 , 31 ]. The exposure windows ranged from 3 months before conception to seven days after delivery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the lack of basic information provided for the control group, two studies [ 10 , 25 ] were assessed as “possibly high” risk for selection bias (comparison group). Two studies [ 21 , 30 ] received a “probably high” risk of bias for attrition/exclusion bias (outcome data complete) because the absence of some important data/populations affected the evaluation of the subsequent results. Two studies [ 21 , 30 ] were also rated as “probably high” risk in terms of detection bias (exposure characterization) due to more than 25 percent of data missing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies [ 21 , 30 ] received a “probably high” risk of bias for attrition/exclusion bias (outcome data complete) because the absence of some important data/populations affected the evaluation of the subsequent results. Two studies [ 21 , 30 ] were also rated as “probably high” risk in terms of detection bias (exposure characterization) due to more than 25 percent of data missing. None of the studies included reported whether the outcome assessors were blinded to the study group and exposure level.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous observational studies have yielded controversial conclusions regarding the relationship between prenatal exposure to air pollution and the risk of hypospadias. Some studies found that prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and heavy metal hazardous air pollutants increased hypospadias risk [ 10 , 17 – 21 ]. However, some studies have reported that urogenital anomalies are not associated with exposure to NO 2 , PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and heavy metal hazardous air pollutants (HMHAPs) in early pregnancy [ 19 – 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between prenatal air pollution exposure and risk of hypospadias in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Xing

Zhang

Jiang

et al. 2021

Aging

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Background: The findings of associations between prenatal air pollution exposure and hypospadias risk in offspring are inconsistent. No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet summarized the present knowledge on the aforementioned topic. Methods: Relevant manuscripts were identified by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases through January 31, 2020. Summary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in meta-analyses were estimated based on a random effects model. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots, Begg’s test, and Egger’s test. Results: The search identified 3,032 relevant studies. Sixteen studies cumulatively involving 21,701 hypospadias cases and 1,465,364 participants were included. All of these studies were classified as having a low risk of bias. We classified pollutants as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM), ozone, and other exposures. The exposure window to pollutants varied from three months before conception to seven days after delivery. In the meta-analyses, only PM 2.5 exposure in the first trimester was related to increased risk of hypospadias (per 10 μg/m 3 OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.06–1.68). Conclusion: We found evidence for an effect of PM 2.5 exposure on hypospadias risk. Improvements in the areas of study design, exposure assessment, and specific exposure window are needed to advance this field.

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Manganese and Rhenium

Santonen¹,

Sainio²

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Manganese (Mn) and rhenium (Re) are group 7 (VIIB) transition elements. They both can exist in multiple valence states ranging from −3 to +7. While manganese is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, rhenium is one of the rarest elements. The main use of manganese is in steel production. Organic manganese compound methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used as an additive to gasoline. Rhenium is one of the densest metals known. It is used in high‐temperature superalloys and, for example, in platinum–rhenium catalysts. Manganese is an essential nutrient and readily available from a wide variety of foods. The main target organ of manganese toxicity is the brain. Clinical adverse effects have been described in occupational settings due to inhalation of Mn fumes and dusts, but excessive manganese intake may also result from dietary, environmental, or from its dysfunctional excretion. High exposure to manganese in miners and smelters has led to manganism, that is, a severe movement disorder, cognitive dysfunction, behavioral disturbances, and loss of libido. This is due to manganese accumulation and adverse effects in the brain basal ganglia. Recognition of subtle neurobehavioral effects in workers exposed to lower levels of manganese has led to progressive actions to limit occupational exposure. Manganese exposure has shown also effects in the respiratory system, which, however, may rather be due to particulate matter than to manganese ion. High doses of manganese have affected the sperm parameters and fertility of males in animal studies. Developmental neurotoxicity studies in animals suggest that early Mn exposure may impair learning, memory, and attention of the offspring. Very few information exists on the toxicity of rhenium. Limited evidence suggests low acute toxicity of perrhenates. Perrhenates accumulate in the thyroid. Repeated exposure to ammonium perrhenate has resulted in thyroid enlargement and follicular cell hypertrophy in animals at high doses.

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Hypospadias Risk from Maternal Residential Exposure to Heavy Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants

Cited by 18 publications

References 88 publications

Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis

Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis

Association between prenatal air pollution exposure and risk of hypospadias in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Manganese and Rhenium

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