2008
DOI: 10.1017/s1462399408000823
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Hypothalamic orexins/hypocretins as regulators of breathing

Abstract: It was suggested half a century ago that electrical impulses from the lateral hypothalamic area stimulate breathing. It is now emerging that these effects may be mediated, at least in part, by neurons containing orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins). These cells promote wakefulness and consciousness, and their loss results in narcolepsy. Recent data also show that orexin neurons directly project to respiratory centres in the brainstem, which express orexin receptors, and where injection of orexin st… Show more

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Cited by 82 publications
(64 citation statements)
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References 81 publications
(123 reference statements)
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“…Moreover, many identified brainstem neurons such as serotoninergic neurons, locus coeruleus neurons, and orexin neurons modulate breathing in accordance with behavioral states or CO 2 levels (27)(28)(29). However, the role of these modulatory mechanisms in the respiratory increases related to exercise is unknown.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, many identified brainstem neurons such as serotoninergic neurons, locus coeruleus neurons, and orexin neurons modulate breathing in accordance with behavioral states or CO 2 levels (27)(28)(29). However, the role of these modulatory mechanisms in the respiratory increases related to exercise is unknown.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Central sleep apnoea may occur in Ox, or BDNF knockout mice [2,75], and is also promoted by serotonin receptor antagonists [107]; the frequency of apnoeas was similar in all these neurochemical/ factor impairments suggesting that they may impair a common neuronal system. Multiple respiratory nuclei receive innervation from both Ox and serotonin as well as express BDNF [68,100,103]. For example, in the pre-Bötzinger complex impairment of the neurokinin 1 receptor neurons, as well as impaired Ox and serotonin signalling, results in central sleep apnea.…”
Section: Respiration During Sleep and Arousal Responsesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Immunohistochemical evidence also documented orexin-A immunoreactive nerve fibers project to the major brain stem-spinal cord respiratory related network, such as dorsolateral pons including the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal and rostral ventrolateral medulla, pre-Bötzinger complex, the nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe nuclei, hypoglossal nuclei, and phrenic nuclei. All these areas are critical for respiratory rhythmogenesis, respiratory activities regulation, and upper airway and diaphragm movements control [24][25][26][27].…”
Section: Narcolepsy and Respiratory Control: Animal Studymentioning
confidence: 99%