Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Functioning in Overtraining Syndrome: Findings from Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)—EROS-HPA Axis

Cadegiani, Flavio; Kater, Cláudio E.

doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0113-0

Cited by 50 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For a study on naturally occurring OTS, we considered the amount of information regarding the baseline and training characteristics sufficient, particularly when compared with the general lack of information in previous studies on OTS. 1,15 All 39 athletes performed both endurance and resistance activities, including the high-intensity functional training regimen CrossFit in 78.6% (11 of 14) and 96% (24 of 25) of the OTS and ATL groups, respectively. [15][16][17] The characteristics of OTS presented by the affected participants are detailed in Table 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basal Hormones and Biochemical Markers as Predictors of Overtraining Syndrome in Male Athletes: The EROS-BASAL Study

Cadegiani

Kater

2019

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Overtraining syndrome (OTS) and related conditions cause decreased training performance and fatigue through an imbalance among training volume, nutrition, and recovery time. No definitive biochemical markers of OTS currently exist. Objective To compare muscular, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters among OTS-affected athletes, healthy athletes, and sedentary controls. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Fifty-one men aged 18 to 50 years (14 OTS-affected athletes [OTS group], 25 healthy athletes [ATL group], and 12 healthy sedentary participants [NCS group]), with a body mass index of 20 to 30.0 kg/m2 (sedentary) or 20 to 33.0 kg/m2 (athletes), recruited through social media. All 39 athletes performed both endurance and resistance sports. Main Outcome Measure(s) We measured total testosterone, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor 1, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyronine, total and fractioned catecholamines and metanephrines, lactate, ferritin, creatinine, creatine kinase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, lipid profile, hemogram, and testosterone : estradiol, testosterone : cortisol, neutrophil : lymphocyte, platelet: lymphocyte, and catecholamine : metanephrine ratios. Each parameter was statistically analyzed through 3-group comparisons, and whenever P < .05, pairwise comparisons were performed (OTS × ATL, OTS × NCS, and ATL × NCS). Results Neutrophils and testosterone were lower in the OTS group than in the ATL group but similar between the OTS and NCS groups. Creatine kinase, lactate, estradiol, total catecholamines, and dopamine were higher in the OTS group than in the ATL and NCS groups, whereas the testosterone : estradiol ratio was lower, even after adjusting for all variables. Lymphocytes were lower in the ATL group than in the OTS and NCS groups. The ATL and OTS groups trained with the same intensity, frequency, and types of exercise. Conclusions At least in males, OTS was typified by increased estradiol, decreased testosterone, overreaction of muscle tissue to physical exertion, and immune system changes, with deconditioning effects of the adaptive changes observed in healthy athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, termed the EROS-BASAL study, we evaluated muscular, hormonal, and basic inflammatory parameters to identify biomarkers of OTS. The other results have been presented in the EROS-HPA axis, 15 EROS-STRESS, 16 and EROS-PROFILE 17 arms of the EROS study.…”

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confidence: 97%

Basal Hormones and Biochemical Markers as Predictors of Overtraining Syndrome in Male Athletes: The EROS-BASAL Study

Cadegiani

Kater

2019

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Overtraining syndrome also has been reported to result in the alteration of circadian rhythm, such as low level of resting cortisol [4 ] and peak loss at 30 min after awakening [7 ]. Because overtraining syndrome results in reduced athlete performance, assessment of circadian rhythms and responsiveness to exercise in cortisol secretion may be useful for diagnosis and prevention of overtraining syndrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in serum cortisol concentrations by exercise were reported to be greater in the evening than in the morning due to the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion [25]. Diagnosis of overtraining syndrome in athletes may be possible to detect the adrenocortical dysfunction including the loss of circadian rhythm and the decrease in the response to exercise by salivary cortisol measurements [ 6,7]. In addition, if the alterations in stress response due to different exercise intensities can be evaluated by salivary cortisol concentration, it may contribute to prevention of overtraining syndrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

Ushiki

Tsunekawa

Shoho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods: We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results: ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001).Conclusions: Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

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“…There are numerous factors that affect the relation between physical activity and HPA regulation, such as exercise type, duration, and intensity and chronicity (Lopresti et al, 2013). For example, excessive exercise (overtraining syndrome) is linked to HPA dysregulation (Cadegiani & Kater, 2017), which may in turn impact the response to future stressors.…”

Section: Exercise and Hpa Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Risk to Resilience: How Lifestyle Factors Interact with Early-Life Trauma, Genetic Polymorphisms, and Stress, in Predicting Risk for Depression

Howell¹

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Despite the link that risk factors, such as early-life stressors and genetic polymorphisms, have with the development of depressive symptoms, not every individual who is 'at risk' develops this disorder. It has been suggested that lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, may play a critical role in this regard. To date, there have been few reports examining the interactions between these lifestyle factors and other risk factors in promoting depressive features. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the moderating effects of dietary pattern and exercise frequency, in the relations between stressors experienced early in life and psychological outcomes (depressive symptoms and creative problem solving), as well as current stressors and a biological outcome (cortisol response). In addition, the present investigation sought to examine whether these lifestyle variables might interact with immune related gene mutations, in predicting depressive symptoms and other related measures (executive functioning, coping flexibility, and coping endorsement), as both depression and these lifestyle factors are related to immune functioning.In Study 1 (N=278), physical trauma was negatively related to performance on the Remote Associates Test, a measure of creative problem solving, but this relation only existed for individuals who consumed smaller amounts of healthy foods. It was also found that sexual trauma was positively related to depressive symptoms, but this relation was stronger among participants who consumed greater amounts of unhealthy foods. Study 2 (N=163) demonstrated that dietary patterns interact with immune related genetic polymorphisms and sex, in predicting depressive symptoms, coping flexibility, and coping strategy endorsement. Building upon the findings of the previous study, Study 3 (N=144) indicated that diet and exercise interacted with immune related polymorphisms and sex, in predicting performance on the Iowa Gambling Task iii (a measure of executive functioning). Finally, Study 4 (N=81) showed that adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with elevated levels of cortisol in response to the Trier Social Stress Test. Together, these studies suggest that dietary pattern and exercise habits, can interact with stressors (both current and past) and immune related polymorphisms, in predicting risk for depression.iv

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Functioning in Overtraining Syndrome: Findings from Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)—EROS-HPA Axis

Cited by 50 publications

References 38 publications

Basal Hormones and Biochemical Markers as Predictors of Overtraining Syndrome in Male Athletes: The EROS-BASAL Study

Basal Hormones and Biochemical Markers as Predictors of Overtraining Syndrome in Male Athletes: The EROS-BASAL Study

Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

From Risk to Resilience: How Lifestyle Factors Interact with Early-Life Trauma, Genetic Polymorphisms, and Stress, in Predicting Risk for Depression

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