Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis during Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection in mice

Correa-de-Santana, Eliane; Paez-Pereda, Marcelo; Theodoropoulou, Marily; Nihei, Oscar Kenji; Gruebler, Yvonne; Bozza, Marcelo T.; Arzt, Eduardo; Villa‐Verde, Déa Maria Serra; Renner, Ulrich; Stalla, Johanna; Stalla, Günter; Savino, Wilson

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.015

Cited by 72 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In septic patients, a few days after an insult, ACTH levels fall, but cortisol levels stay high (14). In Trypanosoma cruzi infected mice there is an increase in corticosterone, not accompanied by the increase in ACTH (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cortisol response to ACTH stimulation correlates with blood interleukin 6 concentration in healthy humans

Žarković

Ignjatović

Dajak³

et al. 2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Interleukin 6 (IL6) has the ability to influence each level of the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis. The aim of the study was to test whether IL6 concentration correlates with the adrenal cortex response to ACTH in healthy humans. We postulated that higher basal IL6 concentration would be associated with the higher cortisol response to the stimulation. Design and methods: Basal IL6 concentration was measured and a low dose (1 mg) ACTH test was performed to assess cortisol response. Twenty-seven apparently healthy subjects (11 male, 16 female, mean age 31.1 years, age range 22-47 years) were included in the study. Results: Data are presented as meanGS.E.M. Basal IL6 level was 0.84G0.10 pg/ml. Basal cortisol was 351.9G18.3 nmol/l. Maximal cortisol during synacthen test was 653.0G20.6 nmol/l. Maximal cortisol increment was 301.1G20.0 nmol/l. IL6 concentration was not correlated with basal or maximal cortisol concentration, but correlated significantly with cortisol increment (rZ0.63, 95% confidence interval) 0.42-0.83). Conclusions: In our study, we found that higher basal IL6 concentration is associated with the higher cortisol response to ACTH stimulation. Based on previous research and our data, IL6, even in low concentrations and under physiologic conditions, modulates adrenal cortex responsivity to ACTH. Therefore, it seems that immune modulation of HPA axis is also present under physiologic and not only pathologic conditions. European Journal of Endocrinology 159 649-652

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cortisol response to ACTH stimulation correlates with blood interleukin 6 concentration in healthy humans

Žarković

Ignjatović

Dajak³

et al. 2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In addition to the mechanisms discussed in this review, other aspects of the immune system including various endocrine factors and regulatory T cell subtypes may be influential or even subverted during T. cruzi infection, leading to pathological consequences. For example, several studies have linked differential expression of corticosterioids with variations in susceptibility of different mouse strains to T. cruzi infection [68,69]. Although initial reports suggest traditional CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells do not play a significant role in regulating acute phase responses to T. cruzi infection in mice, investigation into the role of regulatory T cells during T. cruzi infection has not been exhaustive [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chagas Heart Disease Pathogenesis: One Mechanism or Many?

Bonney

Engman²

2008

CMM

151

144

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Chagas heart disease (CHD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is the leading cause of infectious myocarditis in the world. The etiology of CHD is unclear and multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of the disease. This review describes the proposed mechanisms of CHD pathogenesis and evaluates the historical significance and evidence supporting each. Although the majority of CHD-related pathologies are currently attributed to parasite persistence in the myocardium and autoimmunity, there is strong evidence that CHD develops as a result of additive and even synergistic effects of several distinct mechanisms rather than one factor.

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“…Therefore, among animals with advanced disease, the predominant Th2 cytokine profile could contribute towards imbalance of the HPA axis, and the steroids produced by the adrenal gland could contribute towards the ineffective response that these animals presented when confronted with the parasite. Corrêa-de-Santana et al (2006) observed, among rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, that the parasite modulates the hypothalamus-hypophysisadrenal axis, acting directly or indirectly, thereby interfering with the axis' homeostasis. The adrenal gland of these rats presented infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Momo

Rocha

Moreira

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The objective of this study was to analyze morphological changes and parasite loads in the adrenal gland from 45 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were from the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, which is an endemic region for the disease. These animals were euthanized due to positive diagnoses of VL. The dogs were classified into asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The parasite load was determined by immunohistochemistry, using VL-positive dog hyperimmune serum. Nine dogs showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed, predominantly, of plasma cells and macrophages. However, only eight dogs showed macrophages with amastigote forms of the parasite, immunolabeled in the cytoplasm. The medullary and reticular layers were the most affected areas, possibly due to a favorable microenvironment created by hormones in these regions. The density of parasites in the glandular tissue was not associated with clinical signs of VL (P > 0.05). However, the presence of the parasite was always associated with the presence of a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. This gland may not be an ideal place for the parasite's multiplication, but the presence of injuries to the glandular tissue could influence the dog's immune system, thus favoring the parasite's survival in the host's different organs.Keywords: Leishmania infantum chagasi, adrenalitis, dog, immunohistochemistry. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as alterações morfológicas e a carga parasitária da glândula adrenal de 45 cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV). Os animais eram provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) de Araçatuba (SP), região endêmica para a doença. Esses animais são submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao diagnóstico positivo para LV. Os cães foram classificados nos grupos assintomático, oligossintomático e sintomático. A determinação da carga parasitária foi feita por imuno-histoquímica, com utilização de soro hiperimune de cão positivo para LV. Em nove cães, verificou-se um infiltrado inflamatório, composto predominantemente por plasmócitos e macrófagos. Entretanto, apenas oito cães apresentaram macrófagos com formas amastigotas do parasito imunomarcadas em seu citoplasma. As camadas medular e reticulada foram as mais afetadas, possivelmente por um microambiente favorável criado pelos hormônios nestas regiões. A densidade de parasitos no tecido glandular não foi relacionada com os sinais clínicos de LV (P > 0,05). No entanto, a presença do parasito sempre esteve associada à presença de infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. Possivelmente, essa glândula não é um sítio ideal para a multiplicação do protozoário, mas a presença de injúrias no tecido glandular poderia influenciar o sistema imune do cão, favorecendo a sobrevivência do parasito nos diferentes órgãos do hospedeiro.Palavras-chave: Leishmania infantum chagasi, adrenalite, cão, imuno-histoquímica.

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Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis during Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection in mice

Cited by 72 publications

References 33 publications

Cortisol response to ACTH stimulation correlates with blood interleukin 6 concentration in healthy humans

Cortisol response to ACTH stimulation correlates with blood interleukin 6 concentration in healthy humans

Chagas Heart Disease Pathogenesis: One Mechanism or Many?

Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

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