Hypoxic Blackout: Diagnosis, Risks, and Prevention

Pearn, John; Franklin, Richard C.; Peden, Amy E.

doi:10.25035/ijare.09.03.09

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Victims may lie motionless below or on the water surface; in fact, victims may be face down with mask and snorkel still on the face. 3,4 The patient in this case study had a 30% resolution of symptoms with 100% oxygen/Nonrebreather with fluid replacement. HBO treatment brought 100% recovery.…”

Section: What Important Patient and Family Education Is Required?mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Being educated about safe breathing practices is important to exercising good judgment for safe skill practice and supervision of underwater breath-holding aquatic activities. 3,6,8,9 CONCLUSION Spearfishing along with free diving are popular worldwide activities that often involve hyperinflation of the lungs before divers submerge. This practice of hyperinflation displaces carbon dioxide and allows greater time under water.…”

Section: What Important Patient and Family Education Is Required?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This practice displaces carbon dioxide and hyperoxygenates the brain. [1][2][3][4][5] Factors that contribute to the development of dysbarism include repeated dives that are greater than 70 ft, especially if subsequent dives are deeper; an ascent where too much energy is expended; shortened surface intervals between dives, which should be at least twice the dive length time; and predive hyperinflation. [1][2][3][4]6 Other questions to ask include activities over the previous 72 hours pre-and postdive (especially flying).…”

Section: What Other Questions Would You Ask?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Neurologic Changes in an Otherwise Healthy Young Adult

Parsons¹

2017

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners

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Section: What Important Patient and Family Education Is Required?mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: What Important Patient and Family Education Is Required?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: What Other Questions Would You Ask?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Neurologic Changes in an Otherwise Healthy Young Adult

Parsons¹

2017

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners

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“…As early as 1961, Craig identified the risk of pre-submersion hyperventilation (Craig, 1961;1976). In a recent and comprehensive review, Pearn, Franklin, and Peden (2015) defined "hypoxic blackout" as "loss of consciousness in the underwater swimmer or diver during an apnea submersion preceded by hyperventilation, where alternative causes of unconsciousness have been excluded" (p.343). They described the syndrome as having a high fatality rate but preventable.…”

Section: Underwater Competenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Swimming Skill to Water Competence: Towards a More Inclusive Drowning Prevention Future

Stallman¹,

Moran²,

Quan³

et al. 2017

IJARE

119

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Brenner, Moran, Stallman, Gilchrist and McVan, (2006) recommended that "swimming ability be promoted as a necessary component of water competence, but with the understanding that swimming ability alone is [often] not sufficient to prevent drowning" (p. 116). Tradition and expert opinion are no longer enough. Science can now help us select essential competencies. What does research evidence show us about the protective value of specific individual personal competencies? Since the term "water competence'' was coined by Langendorfer and Bruya (1995) and adapted for drowning prevention by Moran (2013), it has gained in use and acceptance. As a construct, it is indeed more inclusive than "swimming skill'' alone for addressing drowning prevention. Our proposed taxonomy of water competencies re-emphasizes the need for a broad spectrum of physical aquatic competencies as well as the integration of cognitive and affective competencies. The purpose of this review article is to a) identify all the key elements of water competence, b) support each recommended type of water competence with examples of research evidence, and c) suggest areas requiring further research.

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“…Hypoxic blackout, also called apnoeic hypoxia or shallow water blackout, 1 is a distinct and largely preventable cause of drowning 2 . This fatal syndrome is often the consequence of voluntary pre‐submersion hyperventilation, which downregulates CO 2 brainstem chemoreceptors, with the result that consciousness may be lost (because of apnoeic hypoxia) before protective breakpoints (driven by CO 2 and O 2 chemoreceptors) are reached 3 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%