Hysteresis effect in suspended sediment concentration in the Rybárik basin, Slovakia / Effet d'hystérèse dans la concentration des sédiments en suspension dans le bassin versant de Rybárik (Slovaquie)

Abstract

Suspended sediment dynamics influenced by rainstorms and factors controlling changes in suspended sediment concentrations, were investigated during hydrological events in a small scale, since small agricultural drainage basins can be considered as one of the most important sediment sources. Suspended sediment concentrations were measured during discharge waves in the years 1987-1990, 1992, 2000 and 2001. Positive and anti-clockwise hysteresis was observed at Rybárik basin. A procedure of isolating factors controlling suspended sediment concentrations and dynamics has given a more realistic view on production and transport of suspended sediment. It is confirmed that spatial and temporal variability of sediment availability and suspended sediment dilution by the baseflow, mainly in the case of two or more waves immediately following one after another, significantly control suspended sediment concentrations and dynamics.Key words hysteresis; Rybárik basin, Slovakia; sediment availability; suspended sediment dynamics Effet d'hystérèse dans la concentration des sédiments en suspension dans le bassin versant de Rybárik (Slovaquie)Résumé La dynamique des sédiments en suspension, sous influence de la pluie et de facteurs qui contrôlent la concentration en sédiments en suspension, a été étudiée lors d'événements hydrologiques dans un bassin de petite taille; les petits bassins versants agricoles pouvant être considérés comme une des plus importantes sources de sédiments. Les concentrations en sédiments en suspension ont été mesurées au cours de crues en 1987-1990, 1992, 2000 et 2001. Des hystérèses positives et négatives ont été observées dans le bassin versant de Rybárik. Une procédure d'isolement des facteurs qui contrôlent les concentrations et dynamiques des sédiments en suspension a donné une vision plus réaliste de la production et du transport des sédiments en suspension. Il s'avère que la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la disponibilité des sédiments et de la dilution des sédiments par l'écoulement de base, essentiellement dans le cas de deux ou plusieurs crues successives proches, contrôle de manière significative les concentrations et la dynamique des sédiments en suspension.

Gullies, a critical link in landscape soil loss: A case study in the subhumid highlands of Ethiopia

“…As shown in Figure , in both years (2013–2014), anticlockwise hysteresis loops occurred at the outlet, whereas clockwise (positive) hysteresis loops occurred at the inlet on the same event days at the outlet. In this study, anticlockwise hysteresis loops occurred mostly from excess unconsolidated sediment (such as from bank failures) which is in line with previous studies (e.g., Bača, ; Buendia, Vericat, Batalla, & Gibbins, ; Pietroń, Jarsjö, & Romanchenko, ; Russell et al, ). Also, the large number of mixed hysteresis loops (Figure ) at the outlet is related to the bank failures, meaning that there was always sediment available to be transported by runoff so elevated SSCs could be reached both on the rising and recession limbs of the hydrograph.…”

“…The number of hysteresis loops in each loop type (clockwise, anticlockwise, and mixed) is described in Figure . The large number of clockwise loops at the inlet in Figure could be explained by one or both of the two hypotheses: (a) sediment supplied to and temporarily stored in the channel during the previous rainstorm events becomes the source of sediment on the rising limb of the following events (also known as first‐flush) and clockwise hysteresis occurs (Bača, ) or (b) if the current runoff event was lower than the previous, the runoff in the upper catchment will flow in the rill channel already formed by previous high rainstorm events (i.e., new rills do not form). The limited availability of upland materials results in clockwise hysteresis (Asselman, ; Bača, ; House & Warwick, ).…”

“…The hysteresis loop is clockwise (positive) when the concentration on the rising limb is greater than the concentration on the recession limb at equal discharge, indicating the sediment source becomes depleted during the rainstorm (Asselman, ; Bača, ; House & Warwick, ). The hysteresis loop is counter clockwise (negative) when greater suspended‐sediment concentrations occur on the recessional limb, which is usually attributed to sediment sources further away from the point of measurement (Klein, ; Seeger et al, ; Smith & Dragovich, ) or due to bank collapse (Bača, ; Russell et al, ). Mixed loops occur during multipeaked floods due to the sediment availability or due to the rainfall intensity conditions, which control the duration of the peak events (Bača, ; Walling, ).…”

Estimation of suspended sediment concentration in the Saint John River using rating curves and a machine learning approach

“…In both cases, water level (X axis) rises before SSC (Y axis) increases thereby causing the SSC peak to happen in the falling limb of the hydrograph. Such observations have been reported in the past by many authors including Klein (1984), Baca (2008), and Smith and Dragovich (2009).…”

Etude de la dynamique sédimentaire dans le bassin versant de l'Oued Bellah (Algérie)

“…Dans ce contexte, on notera les travaux de Williams (1989), Asselman (1999), Picouet et al (2000), Benkhaled et Remini (2003b), Lefrançois et al (2005) et Bača (2008). La présente étude de l'hystérésis est basée sur les travaux de Williams (1989), qui propose une classification de ces relations basées sur le rapport C/Q l durant les phases de montée de crue et de décrue.…”