<i>A Short Course in Cloud Physics</i> and <i>Clouds, Rain, and Rainmaking, 2nd Edition</i>

Rogers, Roddy Rhodes; Mason, B. J.; Sartor, J. D.

doi:10.1063/1.3024662

Cited by 16 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The specific latent heat is defined by Eq. (7) that was calculated by cubic fit to the data of Rogers et al (11) . When the water flux flows from the surface to the air, Q latent is negative and represents the latent heat of evaporation, which draws heat from the mucus membrane surface.…”

Section: Nasal Cavity Wall Model For Heat Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Latent Heat in the Nasal Cavity

Hanida

Mori

Kumahata

et al. 2013

JBSE

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Among the several functions of the nasal cavity, temperature and humidity adjustments are important for preserving the trachea and lungs. The functions of the nasal cavity have been clarified in experiments investigating the conditions in the nasal cavity. However, the difficulties of noninvasive measurements have rendered nasal cavity simulations an attractive alternative. Data are readily obtained from a simulated result. In this study, airflow, temperature, and humidity transfer in the human nasal cavity were investigated in a nasal cavity wall model of temperature and humidity transport. The simulated result was verified by comparison with experimental data. A reasonable agreement was attained between experimental data and a model incorporating the latent heat effect. The model simulates heat and water exchange in the nasal cavity. In all cases, the temperature and humidity of the inhaled air were adjusted to suitable physiological values. Temperature and humidity gradients were highest at the front of the nasal cavity. The influence of latent heat was clarified by comparing simulation results with and without latent heat under several inhaled air conditions. In the hot-humid inhaled air case, temperature in the Kiesselbach area was increased by latent heat of condensation, and relative humidity declined. In the other inhaled air cases, the temperature in the Kiesselbach area was decreased by latent heat of evaporation, while relative humidity increased. Latent heat effect was particularly influential in the hot inhaled air case.

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Section: Nasal Cavity Wall Model For Heat Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Latent Heat in the Nasal Cavity

Hanida

Mori

Kumahata

et al. 2013

JBSE

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“…8). The mass accommodation coefficient was set to 0.3 based on literature data in Rogers and Yau (1989) (0.2 for small ice at T > 263 K) and Skrotzki et al (2013) (0.2-1 for T = 190-235 K). The initial starting particle diameter was set to 500 nm, the same diameter as used for kaolinite experiments.…”

Section: Comparison Between Spin and Pincmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular at low T , at which the growth rates are lower, this could explain a higher AF measured with SPIN compared to PINC. Following Rogers and Yau (1989), the crystal growth by diffusion for spherical ice crystals as a function of temperature was calculated for the typical residence times in PINC and SPIN (Fig. 8).…”

Section: Comparison Between Spin and Pincmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leipzig Ice Nucleation chamber Comparison (LINC): intercomparison of four online ice nucleation counters

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Ice crystal formation in atmospheric clouds has a strong effect on precipitation, cloud lifetime, cloud radiative properties, and thus the global energy budget. Primary ice formation above 235 K is initiated by nucleation on seed aerosol particles called ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Instruments that measure the ice-nucleating potential of aerosol particles in the atmosphere need to be able to accurately quantify ambient INP concentrations. In the last decade several instruments have been developed to investigate the icenucleating properties of aerosol particles and to measure ambient INP concentrations. Therefore, there is a need for intercomparisons to ensure instrument differences are not interpreted as scientific findings.In this study, we intercompare the results from parallel measurements using four online ice nucleation chambers. Seven different aerosol types are tested including untreated and acid-treated mineral dusts (microcline, which is a K-feldspar, and kaolinite), as well as birch pollen washing waters. Experiments exploring heterogeneous ice nucleation above and below water saturation are performed to cover the whole range of atmospherically relevant thermodynamic conditions that can be investigated with the intercompared chambers. The Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) and the Portable Immersion Mode Cooling chAmber coupled to the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PIMCA-PINC) performed measurements in the immersion freezing mode. Additionally, two continuous-flow diffusion chambers (CFDCs) PINC and the Spectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN) are used to perform measurements below and just above water saturation, nominally presenting deposition nucleation and condensation freezing.The results of LACIS and PIMCA-PINC agree well over the whole range of measured frozen fractions (FFs) and temperature. In general PINC and SPIN compare well and the observed differences are explained by the ice crystal growth and different residence times in the chamber. To study the mechanisms responsible for the ice nucleation in the four instruments, the FF (from LACIS and PIMCA-PINC) and the activated fraction, AF (from PINC and SPIN), are compared. Measured FFs are on the order of a factor of 3 higher than AFs, but are not consistent for all aerosol types and temperatures investigated. It is shown that measurements from CFDCs cannot be assumed to produce the same results as those instruments exclusively measuring immersion freezing. Instead, the need to apply a scaling factor to CFDCs operating above water saturation has to be considered to allow comparison with immersion freezing devices. Our results provide further awareness of factors such as the importance of dispersion methods and the quality of particle size selection for intercomparing online INP counters.

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“…The mistake possibly originated in a WMO training manual (Retallack, 1973) and continues to propagate (Gill, 1982; Rogers and Yau, 1989; Pruppacher and Klett, 1997; Katsaros, 2001; Jacobson, 2005; Dai, 2006; Pierrehumbert, 2010), including in some background articles of TEOS-10 (Feistel et al, 2010a, 2010b) and online 11 . On the other hand, ASHRAE (1994) and BS 1339-1 (2002) identify the ratio of mixing ratios, r / r sat , as the “degree of saturation” and “percentage saturation”, respectively, thus clearly distinguishing it from the standard definition.…”

Section: Current Definition and Measurement Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables. Part 4: atmospheric relative humidity

et al. 2015

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Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth’s radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest “greenhouse” gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. In this paper, we examine the climatologically relevant atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definition of this key observable. The metrological history of this quantity is reviewed, problems with its current definition and measurement practice are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, (BIPM), in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for this long standing metrological problem, such as are suggested here.

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A Short Course in Cloud Physics and Clouds, Rain, and Rainmaking, 2nd Edition

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of Latent Heat in the Nasal Cavity

Influence of Latent Heat in the Nasal Cavity

Leipzig Ice Nucleation chamber Comparison (LINC): intercomparison of four online ice nucleation counters

Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables. Part 4: atmospheric relative humidity

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