<i>Acoustic Measurements</i>

Beranek, Leo L.; Rosenblith, Walter A.

doi:10.1063/1.3066788

Cited by 49 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…The earphones in the present study were calibrated with a coupler, whereas Ross (1967), for example, recorded signal intensity from the ear canal of his subjects. Several investigators have noted that for low frequencies, such as 100 Hz, the SPL in the ear canal is approximately 12-16 dB lower than in the coupler for the same level of input to the earphones (e.g., Beranek, 1949;Hellman & Zwislocki, 1968 tions were averaged across subjects, each subject's RT scores were obtained in response to the signals generated from his individual equal-loudness judgments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loudness and reaction time: I

Kohfeld

Santee

Wallace

1981

Perception & Psychophysics

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It is widely assumed, based on Chocholle's (1940) research, that stimuli that appear equal in loudness will generate the same reaction times. In Experiment 1, we first obtained equal-loudness functions for five stimulus frequencies at four different intensity levels. It was found that equal loudness produced equal RT a~80 phons and 60 phons, but not at 40 phons and 20 phons. It is likely that Chocholle obtained equivalence between loudness and RT at all intensity levels because of relay-click transients in his RT signals. One main conclusion drawn from Experiment 1 is that signal detection (in reaction time) and stimulus discrimination (in loudness estimation) require different perceptual processes. In the second phase of this investigation, the RT-intensity functions from six different experiments were used to generate scales of auditory intensity. Our analyses indicate that when the nonsensory or "residual" component is removed from auditory RT measures, the remaining sensory-detection component is inversely related to sound pressure according to a power function whose exponent is about -.3. The absolute value of this exponent is the same as the .3 exponent for loudness when interval-scaling procedures are used, and is one-half the size of the .6 exponent which is commonly assumed for loudness scaling.The historic traditions that underlie the present research are formidable. Psychophysicists have consistently found a direct relation between auditory stimulus intensity and loudness. Specifically, Stevens and his colleagues have established that perceived loudness grows as a power function of stimulus intensity (Marks, 1974(Marks, , 1979. Equally impressive is the evidence in support of an inverse relation between stimulus intensity and simple auditory reaction time (RT). Classic experiments by Cattell (1886), Chocholle (1940), Pieron (1920), and Wundt (1874) have convincingly shown that RT decreases monotonically with corresponding increases in auditory stimulus intensity.Based on the fact that stimulus frequency, along with stimulus intensity, are the primary determinants of both loudness and RT, the present paper comprises two major sections in which these two stimulus attributes are evaluated. First, we evaluated the relation between equal loudness (across frequencies) and RT, using Chocholle's (1940) attempted to synthesize the data from several RT experiments in order to construct a uniform scale of sensory intensity that is based on RT measures. PHASE 1: EQUAL LOUDNESS AND REACTION TIMEIt is remarkable how many investigators have cited Chocholle's research, conducted over 40 years ago at the Sorbonne Laboratory, as the definitive study of the relation between auditory RT and signal intensity and frequency. His experiments were extensive but simple in design. Three experienced subjects generated RT-intensity functions over a wide range of intensity levels for frequencies of 20, 50, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 10,000 Hz. From these initial results, he drew "equal-RT" contours; that is, stimul...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loudness and reaction time: I

Kohfeld

Santee

Wallace

1981

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…But when their ears were plugged they never turned away from a wall and collided with every object encountered. 5. It thus seems clear that Steatornis guides its flight through dark caves by a type of acoustic orientation similar to that used by bats, but the oil bird employs for this purpose short pulses of sound that lie well within the frequency range of human hearing.…”

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“…3 Over the past several years I have attempted to collect all available information about the roosting places of these birds in caves, in particular the degree of darkness prevailing where they roost and fly. Out of several eye-witness accounts only a few stated with any assurance that the birds penetrate beyond the twilight zone, and it is certain that many of the 5 and 9 minutes (the longest exposures made) showed no detectable darkening when developed. Adjacent frames had not been exposed at all, and even though they underwent the same development procedure as the test frames, no line of demarcation could be seen in the finished roll between exposed and control areas.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acoustic Orientation in the Oil Bird, Steatornis

Griffin

1953

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Selain itu, dari gambar tersebut dapat dipelajari bahwa meski setiap kurva mewakili nilai NC tertentu, namun pada frekuensi tinggi secara umum nilai SPL-nya rendah atau menurun. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa telinga manusia lebih nyaman (tidak merasa sakit) mendengar bunyi berfrekuensi rendah daripada bunyi berfrekuensi tinggi [3].…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Analisis Kebisingan Arus Lalu Lintas terhadap Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar (KBM) di SMA Swasta Surabaya

Indrawati

Santika

Suyatno

2017

JFA

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IntisariKebisingan yang terjadi di kehidupan sehari-hari umumnya berasal dari industri, transportasi. Dewasa ini, jalan raya adalah sumber utama kebisingan. Kebisingan dari jalan raya memiliki dampak yang menyeluruh, sementara yang lain hanya bersifat lokal yang artinya hanya pada daerah-daerah tertentu. Aktivitas manusia baik di luar maupun di dalam bangunan pada area yang berdekatan dengan jalan raya, sangatlah potensial menjadi korban kebisingan. Kebisingan akan berakibat menurunnya mendengar dan turunnya konsentrasi belajar pada anak. Sekolah khadijah merupakan salah satu sekolah yang sangat terganggu dengan adanya kebisingan arus lalu lintas. Letak sekolah yang langsung berhadapan dengan jalan raya sangat menimbulkan kebisingan. Hasil pengukuran tingkat tekanan bunyi (SPL) kebisingan yang diakibatkan arus lalu lintas mencapai 87 dB. Besarnya NC (Noise critera) diarea parkir sekolah mencapai 78 dB, sedangkan di area dalam sekolah nilai NC mencapai 70 dB. Menurut baku tingkat kebisingan untuk sekolah adalah 55 dB. Berdasarkan analisis nilai noice reduction (NR) pada muka dinding ruang kelas diperoleh cukup bagus, tapi perlu untuk melakukan beberapa perbaikan, pertama adalah pemberian bahan isolasi di lorong/ depan yang berhubungan langsung dengan sumber kebisingan. Perbaikan yang kedua adalah dengan perbaikan pada engsel pintu dan celah jendela yang cukup besar. ABSTRACTNoise we experience daily is mainly caused by industry, train, plane, and traffic activity. Nowadays, traffic is the main cause for noise, because the noise caused by traffic have systemic cause, meanwhile other source of noise are rather local. Anyone that has activity whether outside or inside a building near a traffic dense road will be affected by the noise. Noise will affect to the deteriorating of the hearing and child concentration. Khadijah school is one of the school that is heavily affected by traffic noise. The school locates near a heavy traffic road, which caused a lot of noise. From the sound pressure level (SPL), the noise caused by the traffic reached 87 dB. The noise criteria (NC) in the parking area of the school reachs 78 dB, while inside the school the NC reach 70dB. While according to some research and regulation, the NC in school area should be around 55dB. By analyzing the fade of the classroom wall, its found that the wall have great noise reduction. The fade is made from double wood door with 3cm thickness, 3mm glass windows, and brick wall with 10cm thickness. The material used in the building are up to standard, but it need some adjustment. The first adjustment should be adding an insulation material on the hallway that connected directly to the noise source the second adjustment should be minimalizing the gap in the door and windows by using a rubber so that the noise could not pass through the gap.KATA KUNCI: traffic noise, school, noise criteria http://dx

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Acoustic Measurements

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Loudness and reaction time: I

Loudness and reaction time: I

Acoustic Orientation in the Oil Bird, Steatornis

Analisis Kebisingan Arus Lalu Lintas terhadap Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar (KBM) di SMA Swasta Surabaya

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