<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>from Rodents and Sheep, China

Li, Zhan; Cao, Wu Chun; Jiang, Jingle; Zhang, Xiao Ai; Liu, Yun Xi; Wu, Xiao Ming; Zhang, Wen Yi; Zhang, Pan He; Bian, Chang; Dumler, J. Stephen; Yang, Hong; Zuo, Shu Qing; Chu, Chen Yi; Liu, Wei; Richardus, Jan Hendrik; Habbema, J. Dik F.

doi:10.3201/eid1605.091293

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…phagocytophilum has been identified in rodents, sheep, goats, dogs, ticks, and human patients in northern China (24,27,28). A large-scale investigation of ticks (n ϭ 2,429) showed that the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was between 1.1 and 6.0% at different sites near the China-Russia border (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…marginale and A. ovis are the main ruminants pathogens found in northern China (2,15), and few studies have been carried out in central and southern China. A. phagocytophilum infections have been detected not only in ticks, rodents, and ruminants but also in the blood of human patients (4,27). Domestic ruminants infected with A. bovis have mainly been reported in African countries, but the pathogen has also been found in Japan and Korea in recent years (12,17,20).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular Survey and Genetic Identification of Anaplasma Species in Goats from Central and Southern China

Liu

Wang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

155

140

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Survey and Genetic Identification of Anaplasma Species in Goats from Central and Southern China

Liu

Wang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

155

140

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“…Although several human, ruminant, and equine strains are cultivated in ISE6 and/or IDE8 or other tick cell lines (80,147,159,234), so far, only human isolates have been directly cultured by using HL-60 cells, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Recently, new strains of A. phagocytophilum from Chinese sheep and wild rodents were cultured in HL-60 cells after initial passage in BALB/c mice (246). The bacterial factors that determine virulence, host mammal species specificity, and cultivability are not known.…”

Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

2011

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SUMMARY Anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. Human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. A. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. A. phagocytophilum alters vesicular traffic to create an intracellular membrane-bound compartment that allows replication in seclusion from lysosomes. The bacterium downregulates or actively inhibits a number of innate immune responses of mammalian host cells, and it upregulates cellular cholesterol uptake to acquire cholesterol for survival. It also upregulates several genes critical for the infection of ticks, and it prolongs tick survival at freezing temperatures. Several host factors that exacerbate infection have been identified, including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cholesterol. Host factors that overcome infection include IL-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Two bacterial type IV secretion effectors and several bacterial proteins that associate with inclusion membranes have been identified. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying A. phagocytophilum infection will foster the development of creative ideas to prevent or treat this emerging tick-borne disease.

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“…2). However, these sequences branched out from those of A. phagocytophilum that were detected in a patient from the United States (AF093789), a horse from Sweden (AY527214), Ixodes ovatus from Japan (AY969012), and I. persulcatus from Russia (HM366590), as well as related sequences detected in Dermacentor silvarum (DQ449948), A. agrarius (DQ342324, GQ412337), Tscherskia triton (GQ412339), and a sheep (GQ412338) from Jilin province in northeastern China (5,14). A. phagocytophilum-related sequences detected in wild rodents from Taiwan were distinct from those detected in cattle from Yonaguni Island (EU368727, EU368728), deer (AB196720) and boars in Japan, and goats (JN558811) in China (6,13,21,22).…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma bovis in Small Wild Mammals from Taichung and Kinmen Island, Taiwan

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY: A total of 138 animals from 7 species (Apodemus agrarius, Bandicota indica, Crocidura suaveolens, Mus caroli, Mus formosanus, Rattus losea, and Suncus murinus) captured in Taichung, located in central Taiwan, and Kinmen Island, an island off the shore of China, were examined for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The presence of the bacteria, which causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, was examined by nested PCR targeting the16S rDNA. Twelve animals (8.7z) from M. caroli and R. losea, and 25 (18.1z) from A. agrarius, B. indica, M. caroli, and R. losea were infected with A. phagocytophilum and Anaplasma bovis, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that partial 16S rDNA sequences in the 12 aforementioned animals showed higher similarity to the sequences related to A. phagocytophilum detected in wild rodents (Rattus and Niviventer) from southeast China. The sequences of the other 25 animals belonged to the A. bovis clade. We demonstrated that small wild mammals were infected with A. phagocytophilum and A. bovis in Taichung and Kinmen Island, Taiwan.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilumfrom Rodents and Sheep, China

Abstract: Three strains were isolated and characterized.

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Molecular Survey and Genetic Identification of Anaplasma Species in Goats from Central and Southern China

Molecular Survey and Genetic Identification of Anaplasma Species in Goats from Central and Southern China

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma bovis in Small Wild Mammals from Taichung and Kinmen Island, Taiwan

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