AnophelineDiversity in Indonesia: An Evaluation of Animal-Baited Sampling Techniques

Abstract

Indonesia has rich Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito species living in various types of ecosystems. The study was conducted to profile and compare Anopheles diversity, equitability, and dominance in various ecosystems using different animal-based sampling techniques. The present study analyzed a subset of data collected from a nation-wide vector and animal reservoirs survey in 2016. Analyses were restricted to three ecosystem types (forest, nonforest, and coastal areas) in Java and Sumatera Islands. A total of 5,477 Anopheles were collected by using animal-baited (n = 1,909) and animal-baited trap nets (n = 1,978), consisting of 23 Anopheline species. Overall, Anopheles vagus was the most abundant species, followed by An. subpictus and An. barbirostris. Among the three ecosystems, the forest had a higher diversity index (H′ = 1.98), but each ecosystem has its specific predominant species. Compared with the animal-baited method, the Anopheles abundance collected by animal-baited trap nets was two-fold higher. Ecosystem, elevation, and sampling methods were associated with the abundance of female Anopheles (P-value < 0.001). Our findings revealed that Anopheles were found in a different ecosystem, indicating the potential of malaria transmission. This suggests that improved malaria vector surveillance is essential in all types of ecosystem. Furthermore, the study suggested that animal-baited trap nets could be used as the standard method of outdoor resting sampling in Indonesia in addition to the traditional human landing collection approach.

Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Diversity and Community Structure in Doi Inthanon National Park, Northern Thailand

“…cameronensis was mostly found in ground pools, stream margins, and bog in forest areas at elevations ranging between 1200 m and the summit of Doi Inthanon (2500 m), as reported by other researchers [22,100]. However, the dominance and abundance of mosquito species varied depending on collection methods and in different ecosystems [7,40,46,48,96]. Interestingly, one specimen each of An.…”

“…While comparing the diversity of mosquito species in natural and artificial habitats, it was discovered, as expected, that natural habitats support many more species than artificial habitats. Based on a comparison of the findings of this study with those of previous studies, it is obvious that there is a high diversity of species in forests, as opposed to low diversity but higher abundance in areas outside of forests, particularly in artificial habitats [37,96,103]. Doi Inthanon National Park is primarily comprised of forested areas that provide a variety of habitats for various mosquito species, whereas artificial habitats are generally found in villages, agricultural areas, and some tourist sites, which are minor areas of the park and are unsuitable for many species other than Ae.…”

“…Comparison of our findings with those of other studies confirms the high diversity of Anopheles in Doi Inthanon National Park. For example, 23 species were recorded in Indonesia based on collections using animal bait and animal-baited trap nets in three ecosystems, i.e., forest, non-forest, and coastal areas [96], 20 species collected by CDC light trap without bait at the China-Myanmar border [34], and 9 and 10 species collected by standard dipping in the Himalayan region and Ethiopia, respectively [7,97]. The larval habitats for species of this genus were strongly associated with a variety of forest types and clean water [22].…”