Antirrhinum majus L. flower extract inhibits cell growth and metastatic properties in human colon and lung cancer cell lines

Abstract

Cancer is a major disease burden around the world. Among cancers at different organ sites, lung cancer is the most prevalent and leading cause of death in most countries, while colorectal cancer ranks second in both incidence and mortality in more developed countries (Siegel et al., 2019). Carcinogenesis is a multi-stage process of cancer development, whereby normal cells evolve progressively to a tumorigenic and ultimately malignant state. Sustaining stimulated growth and activating metastasis are the most distinctive properties that cancer cells must acquire during the multi-stage carcinogenesis (Hanahan & Weinberg, 2011). Stimulated growth is the fundamental characteristics of cancer cells, which is achieved by dysregulated cell cycle and resisted programmed cell death, called

Flowers for cancer treatment: From beauty to duty

“…Moreover, both FE could inhibit cell invasion. These anticancer effects were observed with a minimal dose of 500 μg/ mL (Seo et al, 2020).…”

“…This effect was accompanied by a decrease of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and an increase of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax Flowers from Antirrhium majus are among the most popular edible flowers, frequently used from preparing foods and drinks. It has been shown that FE from red and yellow flowers contain phytochemicals that induce cell cycle arrest in G2/M phases in both lung and colon cancer cells in vitro (Seo et al, 2020). Moreover, both FE could inhibit cell invasion.…”

Effect of organic manure on growth and flowering attributes of dog flower (Antirrhinum majus)

“…Besides the values of their gorgeous and fragrant flowers, snapdragon leaves and flower are also used to treat tumours, ulcers, inflammation and haemorrhoids. Snapdragon flower extract reduces infiltration, migration, and adhesion of human lung and colon cancer cells, as well as inhibiting cell growth (Seo et al, 2020). In Russia, snapdragon seed oil has been extracted and used in place of olive oil (Tolety and Sane, 2011).…”

The combination of R2R3-MYB gene AmRosea1 and hairy root culture is a useful tool for rapidly induction and production of anthocyanins in Antirrhinum majus L

“…The plants including Antirrhinum majus are capable of biosynthesizing a wide variety of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, polysaccharides, fatty acids, vitamins, alkaloids, terpenoids and iridoid glycosides (Mehrotra et al 2015;Jeziorek et al 2018;Yousefian et al 2020;Seo et al 2020;Roy 2021). Among them, anthocyanins are flavonoids that a class of useful secondary metabolites play inhibit cancer cell proliferation and to serve as antioxidants promote human health (Tavsan and Kayali 2019;Kopustinskiene et al 2020).…”

“…Antirrhinum majus is a medicinal plant as well as has been used particularly as a model system for the molecular analysis of floral pigmentation (Martin et al 1991;Saqallah et al 2018;Seo et al 2020). In A. majus, the structural genes encoding the enzymes of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway have been well characterized and identified genetically, namely, AmCHS, AmF3H, AmF3′H, AmDFR, and AmAS (Additional file 1: Fig.…”