<i>Babesia</i>Infection through Blood Transfusions: Reports Received by the US Food and Drug Administration, 1997–2007

Gubernot, Diane M.; Lucey, Charles T.; Lee, Karen C.; Conley, Gilliam B.; Holness, Leslie; Wise, Robert P.

doi:10.1086/595010

Cited by 98 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, it has no prospect of clinical use because the dose used in this experiment was close to its mean effective dose (ED 50 ) [1] and thorough clearance was not achieved. It follows that, if the drug were used at a safer dose for the treatment of babesiosis, it would be even less likely to achieve satisfactory results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inhibitory effects of 19 antiprotozoal drugs and antibiotics on Babesia microti infection in BALB/c mice

Yao

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Different results have been achieved in the evaluation of antiparasitic drug activity in Mongolian jirds, hamsters, and BALB/c mice infected with Babesia microti. The aims of the present study were to find a preferable method for drug screening and to re-evaluate the activity of several drugs against B. microti. Methodology: The activity of 19 drugs on B. microti-infected BALB/c mice was evaluated. The study was built on Peters' four-day suppressive test, and the pathogenicity of the blood from the treated mice was also used as indicator. Results: The results showed that 15 of the 19 drugs had little or no in vivo effect against B. microti. The inhibitory rates of atovaquone and azithromycin were high at all doses, but the microscopy-negative blood of recovered mice was still infectious. Similar to robenidine hydrochloride at 25 and 50 mg/kg, primaquine at 100 mg/kg had a 100% inhibitory rate. Robenidine hydrochloride achieved a 100% inhibitory rate at 100 mg/kg, and the blood of recovered mice did not result in parasitemia in subpassage experiments. Parasite-negative blood from mice treated with antimalarial drugs (clinically used for babesiosis) still caused parasitemia in subpassage experiments. This suggests that these drugs cannot eradicate the parasites. Conclusions: Peters' four-day suppressive test and the pathogenicity of the blood from the treated mice are suitable methods for preliminary investigating possible drugs against B. microti. Considering that robenidine hydrochloride achieved the best activity against B. microti in BALB/c mice in our study, further studies are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is transmitted by infected ticks from a vertebrate reservoir to humans or by blood transfusion from an infected individual [1,2]. Human babesial infections are mainly caused by Babesia microti, Babesia divergens, and Babesia bovis, which have distinct geographical distributions based on the presence of competent hosts [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effects of 19 antiprotozoal drugs and antibiotics on Babesia microti infection in BALB/c mice

Yao

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…Small mammals (235,307,492,539,574) and ruminants (275,354,501,542,574) serve as reservoirs for Babesia spp., and humans usually become infected after an infected Ixodes tick takes a blood meal. However, transmission via blood transfusion has also been widely reported (50,86,246,272,366,379).…”

Section: Babesia Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.

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“…Beginning in the early 1980s, cases of transfusion-transmitted B. microti began to be reported sporadically, but cases have steadily increased in frequency over the ensuing 30 years. Recent reports documented a dramatic rise in numbers of reported cases, coupled with at least 12 fatalities in transfusion recipients diagnosed with babesiosis (4,41,118). Indeed, the U.S. (118), while seven cases were identified in New York City in late 2008, a notable rise over the annual rate in New York City of just 1 to 2 cases per year (91).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfusion-TransmittedBabesiaspp.: Bull's-Eye onBabesia microti

2011

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SUMMARY Babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of animals and humans that cause babesiosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted primarily by tick vectors. Although a variety of species or types of Babesia have been described in the literature as causing infection in humans, the rodent parasite Babesia microti has emerged as the focal point of human disease, especially in the United States. Not only has B. microti become established as a public health concern, this agent is increasingly being transmitted by blood transfusion: estimates suggest that between 70 and 100 cases of transfusion-transmitted Babesia (TTB) have occurred over the last 30 years. A recent upsurge in TTB cases attributable to B. microti , coupled with at least 12 fatalities in transfusion recipients diagnosed with babesiosis, has elevated TTB to a key policy issue in transfusion medicine. Despite clarity on a need to mitigate transmission risk, few options are currently available to prevent the transmission of B. microti by blood transfusion. Future mitigation efforts may stress serological screening of blood donors in regionalized areas of endemicity, with adjunct nucleic acid testing during the summer months, when acute infections are prevalent. However, several hurdles remain, including the absence of a licensed blood screening assay and a thorough cost-benefit analysis of proposed interventions. Despite current obstacles, continued discussion of TTB without proactive intervention is no longer a viable alternative.

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BabesiaInfection through Blood Transfusions: Reports Received by the US Food and Drug Administration, 1997–2007

Cited by 98 publications

References 18 publications

Inhibitory effects of 19 antiprotozoal drugs and antibiotics on Babesia microti infection in BALB/c mice

Inhibitory effects of 19 antiprotozoal drugs and antibiotics on Babesia microti infection in BALB/c mice

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

Transfusion-TransmittedBabesiaspp.: Bull's-Eye onBabesia microti

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