<i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> Enterotoxin Gene Sequences in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Prindiville, Thomas P; Sheikh, Rafiq A.; Cohen, Stuart H.; Tang, Yajarayma J.; Cantrell, Mary C.; Silva, Joseph

doi:10.3201/eid0602.000210

Cited by 177 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1 Furthermore, patients with bowel inflammation, but not controls, have been observed to have high concentrations of mucosal bacteria (exceeding 10 9 /mL) and a dense, adherent mucosal biofilm mass composed predominantly of B. fragilis group organisms. 14,15 The B. fragilis group consists of at least 10 distinct species of organisms 20 and subspeciation of the adherent B. fragilis group organisms in the mucosal biofilm mass has not yet been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11][12][13] In considerably more limited data, ETBF have been linked to IBD where these bacteria have been identified in mucosal washings of IBD patients and associated with clinically active IBD. 14,15 However, in all human studies evaluating ETBF colonization to date, a sizeable number of individuals (≈4%-30%) appear to be colonized, apparently asymptomatically, with ETBF. 16 Whether long-term colonization with ETBF is truly without consequence to the host is unclear, particularly given a recent report associating ETBF colonization with colorectal carcinoma.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A potential instigator of colitis

Rabizadeh

Rhee

et al. 2007

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

126

102

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Background-Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is proposed to result from a dysregulated mucosal immune response to the colonic flora in genetically susceptible individuals. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), a molecular subclass of the common human commensal, B. fragilis, has been associated with IBD. This study investigated whether ETBF colonization of mice initiated colitis or modified the clinical course of a colitis agonist, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: A potential instigator of colitis

Rabizadeh

Rhee

et al. 2007

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

126

102

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“…In a study of strains from Germany and from southern California, blood culture isolates were more likely to carry the enterotoxin gene than were other isolates (62). There is some association of ETBF and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although rigorous, clear-cut correlation has not been demonstrated (12,192). While the enterotoxin gene was not found in patients with inactive IBD, 13% of patients with IBD and 19% of patients with active disease were toxin positive.…”

Section: The Bad Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacteroides may be involved in cellulitis at the site of fetal monitoring (49). The fact that ETBF-associated diarrhea can be seen in children of 1 to 5 years but not in neonates suggests the possibility of maternal protection (192). In neonatal bacteremia, anaerobes are recovered in 2 to 12% of cultures, and close to half of those are Bacteroides species (47).…”

Section: Anaerobes In Pediatric Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

2007

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SUMMARY Summary: Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).

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“…A subset of B. fragilis strains, termed enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF), secretes a proinfl ammatory zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin that is associated with diarrheal illnesses in children and adults. ETBF has been identifi ed in up to 19.3 % of patients with clinically active IBD ( 25 ). In animal studies, inoculation with ETBF is associated with colitis with severe infl ammation and is associated with overproduction of interleukin-17 (IL-17), a central regulator of infl ammation and autoimmunity ( 26 ).…”

Section: Induction Of Intestinal Infl Ammation By Commensal Bacteria mentioning

confidence: 99%