<i>Biological Radiation Effects</i>

Kiefer, Jürgen; Wiatrowski, Wayne A.

doi:10.1063/1.2810037

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Recent advances in radiotherapy have enabled the use of different types of radiation sources for a better cancer treatment efficacy [27] . Biological effects of IR on cellular molecules can be direct (target effects) and indirect (no target effects) [21,28] . IR could directly damage the macromolecules, i.e., proteins, lipids, and DNA, the major target of IR-induced damage presents in the nucleus and mitochondria of the cell [29] .…”

Section: Ir and Its Effects On The Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves (i.e., X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (i.e., electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha and beta particles, and other heavy ion particles) through space or through a material medium without the necessary intervention of a transporting medium [21] . Exposure to IR may come from two different sources that are either from natural (cosmic rays, terrestrial radionuclides in building materials and in air, water and food, and in the human body itself) or man-made sources (such as radiodiagnosis, radiotherapy, and nuclear accidents).…”

Section: Ir and Its Effects On The Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research and Development of Radioprotective Agents: A Mini-Review

Saaya

Katsube

Xie

et al. 2017

International Journal of Radiology

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The research and development (R&D) of radioprotective agents (RAs) have been conducting since seven decades ago, and the safety and protection against undesirable effects of ionizing radiation (IR) has become an important issue especially for the benefit of patients receiving the radiotherapy, in addition to the applications in nuclear industry, military, outer space exploration and accidental exposures. Although the technology advancement makes the radiotherapy a promising better treatment by maximizing the effect of IR to the cancer cells, there are still needs for improvement in minimizing the toxicity to the normal cells. Aiming at providing the new researchers in the radiation protection field with an overall view for R&D of the RAs, this mini-review elucidates in brief a general understanding of the IR and its effects on the cell, the concepts of radiotherapy and therapeutic ratio, the categories of RAs and their mechanisms, and discusses on the strategies and challenge for R&D of the RAs.

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Section: Ir and Its Effects On The Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ir and Its Effects On The Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Development of Radioprotective Agents: A Mini-Review

Saaya

Katsube

Xie

et al. 2017

International Journal of Radiology

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“…The cellular response to ionizing radiation is complex due to the variety of targets in a cell (29,52). Ionizing radiation can damage cellular components though direct deposition of radiation energy into biomolecules and also indirectly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).…”

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confidence: 99%

Roles of the Major, Small, Acid-Soluble Spore Proteins and Spore-Specific and Universal DNA Repair Mechanisms in Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores to Ionizing Radiation from X Rays and High-Energy Charged-Particle Bombardment

et al. 2008

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The role of DNA repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination, spore photoproduct lyase, and DNA polymerase I and genome protection via ␣/␤-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP) in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to accelerated heavy ions (high-energy charged [HZE] particles) and X rays has been studied. Spores deficient in NHEJ and ␣/␤-type SASP were significantly more sensitive to HZE particle bombardment and X-ray irradiation than were the recA, polA, and splB mutant and wild-type spores, indicating that NHEJ provides an efficient DNA double-strand break repair pathway during spore germination and that the loss of the ␣/␤-type SASP leads to a significant radiosensitivity to ionizing radiation, suggesting the essential function of these spore proteins as protectants of spore DNA against ionizing radiation.Endospores of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis are highly resistant to inactivation by environmental stresses, such as biocidal agents and toxic chemicals, desiccation, pressure and temperature extremes, and high fluences of UV radiation (reviewed in references 44, 45, and 61) and are a powerful biodosimetric system for terrestrial environmental monitoring and astrobiological studies (44). On Earth, understanding extreme spore resistance to ionizing radiation is important in the areas of food preservation, medical sterilization, and decontamination from bioterror attack (4, 17, 47; reviewed in references 42 and 43). Off Earth, spore radiation resistance is important both in space flight and in ground-based simulations, in order to obtain information on the biological damage produced by exposure to space conditions (23,25,26,44). Onboard several spacecraft (Apollo 16, Spacelab 1, LDEF, D2, and FOTON), spores of Bacillus subtilis were exposed to selected parameters of space, such as space vacuum and different spectral ranges of solar UV radiation and cosmic rays, applied separately or in combination (5, 9, 19-21, 23, 24, 26). Especially, the radiation environment on Earth, on Mars, in low-Earth orbit, and in deep space is typified by a wide variety of primary particles covering an extended range of energies. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) are charged particles that originate from sources beyond our solar system. The distribution of GCR is believed to be isotropic throughout interstellar space. The spectrum of the GCR consists of 98% protons and heavier ions (baryon component) and 2% electrons and positrons (lepton component). The baryon component is composed of 87% protons, 12% helium ions (alpha particles), and the remaining 1% heavy ions of charge 3 from lithium to 92 from uranium. Due to their high abundance, iron ions are highly penetrating, giving them a large potential for radiobiological damage (3,21).While the UV photochemistry of spore DNA and repair of UV damage to DNA during germination are well characterized (34,44,(59)(60)(61), there has been relatively little work on the nature of DNA damage in spores caused by ionizing radiation, the protective role of...

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“…However, radiation primarily interacts with water, as cells are composed of 40-70% water and bacterial spores 20%, which leads to the indirect mechanism of radiation damage. Irradiated water undergoes ionization and radiolysis, resulting in the production of hydrated free electrons (e À aq ) and highly reactive species with unpaired electrons, and free radicals, such as H and OH, or their recombination products such as hydrogen peroxide (Kiefer, 1990). The major reaction pathways of irradiated water are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Ionizing Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionizing Radiation and Life

2011

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Ionizing radiation is a ubiquitous feature of the Cosmos, from exogenous cosmic rays (CR) to the intrinsic mineral radioactivity of a habitable world, and its influences on the emergence and persistence of life are wideranging and profound. Much attention has already been focused on the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation on organisms and the complex molecules of life, but ionizing radiation also performs many crucial functions in the generation of habitable planetary environments and the origins of life. This review surveys the role of CR and mineral radioactivity in star formation, generation of biogenic elements, and the synthesis of organic molecules and driving of prebiotic chemistry. Another major theme is the multiple layers of shielding of planetary surfaces from the flux of cosmic radiation and the various effects on a biosphere of violent but rare astrophysical events such as supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. The influences of CR can also be duplicitous, such as limiting the survival of surface life on Mars while potentially supporting a subsurface biosphere in the ocean of Europa. This review highlights the common thread that ionizing radiation forms between the disparate component disciplines of astrobiology.

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Biological Radiation Effects

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Research and Development of Radioprotective Agents: A Mini-Review

Research and Development of Radioprotective Agents: A Mini-Review

Roles of the Major, Small, Acid-Soluble Spore Proteins and Spore-Specific and Universal DNA Repair Mechanisms in Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores to Ionizing Radiation from X Rays and High-Energy Charged-Particle Bombardment

Ionizing Radiation and Life

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