<i>Blastocystis ratti</i>Induces Contact-Independent Apoptosis, F-Actin Rearrangement, and Barrier Function Disruption in IEC-6 Cells

Puthia, Manoj; Sio, Selena W. S.; Lu, Jia; Tan, Kevin S. W.

doi:10.1128/iai.00328-06

Cited by 95 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The exposure of intestinal epithelial cells to Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 led to limited apoptosis not associated with compromise in host cell barrier function (192), suggesting that the parasite may exert an antiapoptotic effect on host cells. We recently reported a systematic in vitro study to investigate the effect of Blastocystis ratti (subtype 4) on a rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) (192).…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…subtype 4 led to limited apoptosis not associated with compromise in host cell barrier function (192), suggesting that the parasite may exert an antiapoptotic effect on host cells. We recently reported a systematic in vitro study to investigate the effect of Blastocystis ratti (subtype 4) on a rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) (192). The assays were carried out using Millicell cell inserts, which facilitated the study of contact-independent effects on host cells via parasite secretions.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few studies have sought to investigate the effects of Blastocystis spp. on mammalian cell cultures (139,191,192,286). Cells and lysates of Blastocystis spp.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Podrabsky

Lopez

Fan

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

129

154

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SUMMARY The annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus survives in ephemeral pond habitats by producing drought-tolerant diapausing embryos. These embryos probably experience oxygen deprivation as part of their normal developmental environment. We assessed the anoxia tolerance of A. limnaeus embryos across the duration of embryonic development. Embryos develop a substantial tolerance to anoxia during early development, which peaks during diapause II. This extreme tolerance of anoxia is retained during the first 4 days of post-diapause II development and is then lost. Metabolism during anoxia appears to be supported mainly by production of lactate, with alanine and succinate production contributing to a lesser degree. Anoxic embryos also accumulate large quantities of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), a potential protector of neural function. It appears that the suite of characters associated with normal development and entry into diapause II in this species prepares the embryos for long-term survival in anoxia even while the embryos are exposed to aerobic conditions. This is the first report of such extreme anoxia tolerance in a vertebrate embryo, and introduces a new model for the study of anoxia tolerance in vertebrates.

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Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Podrabsky

Lopez

Fan

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

129

154

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“…The same authors also showed that coincubation of intestinal epithelial cells of rat interstitial IEC6 with either Blastocystis sp. ST4 isolates or parasite lysates induced the apoptosis of host cells [Puthia et al 2006] in a contactindependent manner. A decrease in transepithelial resistance and an increase in epithelial permeability were also observed and could be explained by the rearrangement of actin filaments [Tan et al 2010;Mirza et al 2012].…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Blastocystosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: an overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis

Wawrzyniak

Poirier

Viscogliosi

et al. 2013

Therapeutic Advances in Infection

175

156

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Blastocystis sp. is among the few enteric parasites with a prevalence that often exceeds 5% in the general population of industrialized countries and can reach 3060% in developing countries. This parasite is frequently found in people who are immunocompromised (patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or cancer) and a higher risk of Blastocystis sp. infection has been found in people with close animal contact. Such prevalence in the human population and the zoonotic potential naturally raise questions about the impact of these parasites on public health and has increased interest in this area. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shed new light on the pathogenic power of this parasite, suggesting that Blastocystis sp. infection is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, may play a significant role in irritable bowel syndrome, and may be linked with cutaneous lesions (urticaria). Despite recent significant advances in the knowledge of the extensive genetic diversity of this species, the identification of extracellular proteases as virulence factors and the publication of one isolate genome, many aspects of the biology of Blastocystis sp. remain poorly investigated. In this review, we investigate several biological aspects of Blastocystis sp. (diversity and epidemiology, diagnosis tools and pathophysiology). These data pave the way for the following challenges concerning Blastocystis sp. research: deciphering key biological mechanisms and pathways of this parasite and clarification of its clinical impact in humans.

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“…Endoscopic and permeability studies of the intestine in a cohort study of Blastocystis-infected immunocompetent individuals failed to find any significant intestinal inflammation or impairment of the intestinal permeability barrier (Zuckerman et al, 1994). Fresh Blastocystis isolates, though, have been demonstrated to cause significant cytopathology of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells and rat intestinal epithelia (IEC-6) cells in culture (Puthia et al, 2006;Walderich et al, 1998). Metronidazole, paromomycin and ketoconazole have been used as therapeutic agents with mixed success (Zierdt et al, 1983;Dunn & Boreham, 1991;Haresh et al, 1999;Nanba et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial-like organelle from Blastocystis sp. subtype 7

et al. 2008

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A mitochondrion-like organelle (MLO) was isolated from isotonic homogenates of Blastocystis. The organelle sedimented at 5000 g for 10 min, and had an isopycnic density in sucrose of 1.2 g ml "1. Biochemical characterization enabled the demonstration of several key enzymes that allowed the construction of a metabolic pathway consisting of an incomplete Krebs cycle linked to the oxygen-sensitive enzymes pyruvate : NADP + oxidoreductase (PNO), acetate : succinate CoA transferase (ASCT) and succinate thiokinase (STK), which cumulatively are responsible for recycling CoA and generating ATP. The organelle differs from typical aerobic mitochondria in possessing an oxygen-sensitive PNO that can use FAD + or FMN + as electron acceptor but is inactive with NAD + , Spinacia oleracea ferredoxin or Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. A gene with 77 % sequence similarity to the PNO mitochondrion precursor cluster from Euglena gracilis sp[Q941N5] was identified in the Blastocystis genome database. A second cluster with 56 % sequence similarity to the pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) from Trichomonas vaginalis was also identified, which is in agreement with the concept that the PNO gene arose through the fusion of a eubacterial gene for PFOR with the gene for NADPH : cytochrome p450 reductase. Hydrogenase activity was not detected under the conditions used in this study. The Blastocystis oranelle therefore demonstrates significant biochemical differences from traditional mitochondria and hydrogenosomes, but possesses features of both. Based upon the results of this study, the Blastocystis organelle falls into the category of a MLO.

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Blastocystis rattiInduces Contact-Independent Apoptosis, F-Actin Rearrangement, and Barrier Function Disruption in IEC-6 Cells

Cited by 95 publications

References 50 publications

Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: an overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis

Biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial-like organelle from Blastocystis sp. subtype 7

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