Building Scientific Apparatus

Radiation Transmission-based Thickness Measurement Systems - Theory and Applications to Flat Rolled Strip Products

“…Ionization Methods -This includes a large class of detectors that respond to incident radiation as a function of the level of ionization occurring within them (Moore & Coplan, 1983). These include: ion chambers, proportional counters, Gieger-Muller counters, cloud chambers, spark chambers, fission chambers and certain semiconductor devices.…”

“…These include: ion chambers, proportional counters, Gieger-Muller counters, cloud chambers, spark chambers, fission chambers and certain semiconductor devices. Molecular Excitation and Dissociation Methods -This includes detectors that respond to incident radiation as a function of the molecular excitation and dissociation, along with a certain degree of ionization (Moore & Coplan, 1983). These include: scintillation counters, chemical dosimeters and optical properties based systems.…”

“…), conductive cylinder, typically having an aperture window of a selected material and a conductive filament positioned along the cylindrical axis, insulated from the cylinder's walls (Moore & Coplan, 1983). The dual electrode arrangement is formed by positively charging the filament (anode) and negatively charging the cylinder wall (cathode), through the application of a high voltage / potential (which produces an electric field within the chamber).…”

“…In the most classical sense, X-Ray generators are based on the components shown in Figure 3.4 and discussed in the following: X-Ray Tube -An X-Ray tube is a vacuum tube that when energized emits a polychromatic gamma ray spectrum (Howard, 1970), (Moore & Coplan, 1983). The spectral range is a direct function of the applied tube potential, and the intensity of the radiation is a direct function of the applied tube current.…”

“…Ionization chambers (ion chambers) consist of a media (usually gas) filled chamber containing two(2) charged electrodes, (Halliday, 1955), (Kaplan, 1955), (Moore & Coplan, 1983). The chamber aperture may consist of a sealed window made of a material that either efficiently passes or possibly attenuates the incident radiation, depending on the planned range of radiation intensity.…”