Citrus spp . essential oils improve behavioral pattern, repressed cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase activities, and production of reactive species in fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ) model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Much emphasis has been placed on the biological activities of citrus peel's essential oils (CPEOs) against human ailments. This study investigated the effect of Citrus limon and Citrus reticulata peel's essential oils (EOs) on behavioral and neurochemical imbalance in transgenic and Harwish (Wild) fruit flies. Flies were divided into seven groups comprising of the control and those that were fed with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 µg/ ml of the dietary inclusions of study CPEOs for 7 days. Thereafter, behavioral profile was examined using lethality response and negative geotaxis assays. Effect of the EOs on cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and antioxidative parameters were determined. The result showed a significant improvement of behavioral pattern and biochemical parameters of the flies fed with studied CPEOs inclusive diets. Conclusively, both EOs exert neuroprotective capability by reducing cholinesterases and monoamine activities, and also prevent oxidative stress, which are implicated in neuronal dysfunction in humans. Practical applications With the growing increase in the search for safer alternatives, having no side effects, for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, a large proportion of the populace is beginning to find solace in the use of natural products. Also, the wide array of similarities between the humans and the dipteran insects, fruit flies is a perfect organism for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study presents the neuroprotective potentials of lemon and tangerine peels-derived EOs, and the possibility of their exploration as neuroactive agents and alternative in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

GC characterization and erectogenic enzyme inhibitory effect of essential oils from tangerine and lemon peels: A comparative study

“…With respect to previous reports, the bioactive compounds of these EOs either concertedly or independently have been scrutinized for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation reactions and TBARs production. Limonene and linalool have shown an impressive inhibitory capacity of TBARs 4,5,14 . Consequently, the abundance of antioxidants possessed by these EOs can help forestall the activities of ROS and, as a result, limit the occurrence of lipid peroxidation.…”

“…The peels were carefully removed and chopped into tiny bits with a table knife and air‐dried to constant weight, thereafter, pulverizing to powder using a waring blender (Waring ® CB15). A hundred gram of each of the samples was subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 hours to extract the EOs in all glass Clevenger‐type apparatus according to the method recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia 19 as previously described 5 . Essential oil yield (%) was calculated as the volume (v) of EOs obtained from 100 g (w) of dried peels x 100 (v/w x100).…”

“…The chemical composition of the CPEOs was analysed using Hewlett‐Packard 5890 model of gas chromatograph, coupled with flame ionization detector of DB‐5 column (30‐m length, 0.25‐mm column id. and 0.25‐μm film thickness) as described by Oyeleye et al 5 …”

“…Tangerine and lemon belong to the genus Rutaceae and the broad family citrus. They hold a plenitude of phytochemicals, which have been richly explored towards the management of neurodegeneration 4,5 . For example, orange ( Citrus sinensis ), tangerine ( Citrus maxima ) and grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) peels were reported to have the ability to improve longevity, locomotor performance, memory index, antioxidant status, and modulate cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities in the transgenic Alzheimer diseased flies 6 .…”

Effect of dietary inclusion of Fireweed (Crassocephalum crepidioides) on behavioural patterns, memory indices, and activities of cholinergic and monoaminergic enzymes in a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) model of Alzheimer's disease

“…Veritable therapeutic approaches employed in the management of AD include the cholinergic and monoaminergic systems upgrade as well as oxidative stress management in the biological system (Abolaji et al, 2020;Oyeleye et al, 2021). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are key cholinergic enzymes normally involved in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and acetate (Chaiyana & Okonogi, 2012).…”