<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> as a Potential Pathogen of Importance to One Health: A Review

Mitchell, Molly; Nguyen, Scott V.; Macori, Guerrino; Bolton, Declan; McMullan, Geoffrey; Drudy, Denise; Fanning, Séamus

doi:10.1089/fpd.2022.0037

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…This information is clinically significant since the antimicrobial resistance profile and genome characteristics of these isolates are still understudied in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, recent studies have identified hypervirulent clostridial spores in new environments and genomically linked them to new matrices other than hospital environments due to uncontrolled antimicrobial usage [ 14 , 15 ]. Our findings may also provide insight into the adaptation of these bacteria to new niches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Insights into Virulence Factors and Multi-Drug Resistance in Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A

Aljindan

AlEraky

Farhat

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that causes several disorders in humans and animals. A multidrug-resistant Clostridium strain was isolated from the fecal sample of a patient who was clinically suspected of gastrointestinal infection and had a recent history of antibiotic exposure and diarrhea. The strain was identified by 16s rRNA sequencing as Clostridium perfringens. The strain’s pathogenesis was analyzed through its complete genome, specifically antimicrobial resistance-related genes. The Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A genome contains 19 (Alr, Ddl, dxr, EF-G, EF-Tu, folA, Dfr, folP, gyrA, gyrB, Iso-tRNA, kasA, MurA, rho, rpoB, rpoC, S10p, and S12p) antibiotic-susceptible genetic species according to the k-mer-based detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Genome mapping using CARD and VFDB databases revealed significant (p-value = 1 × 10−26) genes with aligned reads against antibiotic-resistant genes or virulence factors, including phospholipase C, perfringolysin O, collagenase, hyaluronidase, alpha-clostripain, exo-alpha-sialidase, and sialidase activity. In conclusion, this is the first report on C. perfringens from Saudi Arabia that conducted whole genome sequencing of IRMC2505A and confirmed the strain as an MDR bacterium with several virulence factors. Developing control strategies requires a detailed understanding of the epidemiology of C. perfringens, its virulence factors, and regional antimicrobial resistance patterns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Insights into Virulence Factors and Multi-Drug Resistance in Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A

Aljindan

AlEraky

Farhat

et al. 2023

Toxins

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“…In fact, strains belonging to these RTs are commonly identified as the cause of CA-CDI and infections in animals [4,24,25]. Furthermore, recent studies support an inter-species transmission of the strains RT 014 and RT 078, suggesting a possible zoonotic transfer between animals and humans, mediated by contaminated food and the environment [4,5,17,[24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These RTs, such as RT 027, RT 014/020, RT 078, and more recently, RT 023, are associated to a higher occurrence and severity of infection in humans [4,6,7,[12][13][14], but they have also been identified as a cause of infection in animals and are isolated in food and environments [4][5][6][7]9,13,15]. Different domestic and wild animal species can be colonized and infected by C. difficile, including food-producing animals [4,[16][17][18]. In general, although the pathological lesions observed in animals with CDI are similar to those described in humans [9], clinical manifestations can vary among the different animal species [4,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Development of Molecular Beacon-Based Real-Time PCR Assays to Identify Clostridioides difficile Types of Main Evolutionary Clades

Criscuolo,

Barbanti,

Spigaglia

2024

Microbiology Research

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C. difficile infection (CDI) has an important impact on both human and animal health. The rapid detection and monitoring of C. difficile PCR-ribotypes (RTs) cause of CDI is critical to control and prevent this infection. This study reports the first application of the Molecular Beacon (MB)-based real-time PCR method in genotyping important C. difficile RTs of the main evolutionary clades. The cdtR gene was used as target and the cdtR sequences were analyzed after extraction from deposited genomes or were obtained after sequencing from strains of different origin. cdtR alleles were identified after sequence comparisons and MB-based real-time PCR assays were developed to discriminate them. In total, 550 cdtR sequences were compared, 38 SNPs were found, and five different cdtR alleles were identified. In total, one or two alleles were associated to the RTs grouped in the same evolutionary clade. A MB-based real-time assay was designed for each allele and for optimized testing of the C. difficile strains. The results obtained demonstrated that the MB-based real-time PCR assays developed in this study represent a powerful, original, and versatile tool to identify C. difficile types/clades and to monitor changes in the population structure of this important pathogen.

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“…In particular, the potential zoonotic transmission of this pathogen is supported by the overlap of C. difficile RTs between humans and animals and the recent findings showing colonization of pigs and farmers by the same clonal RT 078 isolates [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. New C. difficile ribotypes may rapidly emerge and spread through the global health care system, as demonstrated for the RT 027 lineage [ 25 ], and also move between animal and human hosts, with no geographical barriers, as demonstrated for the RT 078 lineage [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. In particular, C. difficile has frequently been detected in both healthy and symptomatic food animals [ 11 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridioides difficile in Pigs and Dairy Cattle in Northern Italy: Prevalence, Characterization and Comparison between Animal and Human Strains

Spigaglia,

Barbanti,

Faccini

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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It has been observed that novel strains of Clostridioides difficile can rapidly emerge and move between animal and human hosts. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile in pigs and dairy cattle in northern Italy and to characterize and compare C. difficile animal strains with those from patients from the same geographical area. The C. difficile strains were isolated from animals from farms and slaughterhouses (cross-sectional studies) and from neonatal animals with enteric disorders in routine diagnostic investigations (passive surveillance). Samples positive for C. difficile were found in 87% of the pig farms and in 40% of the cattle farms involved in the cross-sectional studies, with a 20% prevalence among suckling piglets and 6.7% prevalence in neonatal calves, with no significant difference between animals with and without diarrheal symptoms. The prevalence of C. difficile in older animal categories was significantly lower. This result suggests that young age is an important risk factor for C. difficile colonization. In cross-sectional studies at slaughterhouses, in both the heavy pigs and dairy cows examined, only 2% of the intestinal content samples were positive for C. difficile and no contamination was found on the surface of the carcasses. Considering passive surveillance, the prevalence rates of positive samples were 29% in piglets and 1.4% in calves. Overall, 267 strains of animal origin and 97 from humans were collected. In total, 39 ribotypes (RTs) were identified, with RT 078 and RT 018 being predominant among animals and humans, respectively. Several RTs overlapped between animals and patients. In particular, RT 569 was identified as an emergent type in our country. Resistance to erythromycin and moxifloxacin was widely diffused among C. difficile strains, regardless of origin. This study supports C. difficile as a pathogen of one-health importance and highlights the need for a collaborative approach between physicians and veterinarians to control and prevent infections that are able to cross species and geographical barriers.

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Clostridioides difficile as a Potential Pathogen of Importance to One Health: A Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 97 publications

Genomic Insights into Virulence Factors and Multi-Drug Resistance in Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A

Genomic Insights into Virulence Factors and Multi-Drug Resistance in Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A

Design and Development of Molecular Beacon-Based Real-Time PCR Assays to Identify Clostridioides difficile Types of Main Evolutionary Clades

Clostridioides difficile in Pigs and Dairy Cattle in Northern Italy: Prevalence, Characterization and Comparison between Animal and Human Strains

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