<i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>Skin Infections in Alabama and Louisiana

Belsey, Mark A.; Sinclair, Michael C.; Roder, M R; LeBlanc, Denise

doi:10.1056/nejm196901162800304

Cited by 68 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…C. diphtheriae can survive in the environment in a dried state on textiles, glass, and in sand and dust for periods up to 7 months [10]. Transmission via fomites has been documented [36]; nevertheless, this mode of transmission (e.g., dustborne) [10] on clothing or bedding has not been thought to be an important contributor to the dissemination of C. diphtheriae [10,24,36]. Thus, the significance of environmental contamination in propagating C. diphtheriae remains uncertain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Diphtheria: A Prospective Case‐Control Study in the Republic of Georgia, 1995–1996

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Kobaidze³

et al. 2000

J INFECT DIS

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The large-scale resurgence of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union offered a unique opportunity to evaluate risk factors for the transmission of respiratory diphtheria; therefore, a prospective case-control study was done in the republic of Georgia. In total, 218 diphtheria cases (hospitalized between October 1995 and March 1996) and 408 matched controls participated. One hundred cases (45%) were /=15 years of age (range: <1 to 75 years). In the multivariate analyses, the following risk factors were found to be significant: lack of vaccination (matched odds ratio [mOR]=19.2), household exposure to diphtheria (mOR=7.4), exposure to skin lesions (mOR=5.8), history of eczema (mOR=3.4), fever with myalgia prior to illness (mOR=2.6), having tonsils (mOR=4.4), sharing a bed (mOR=1.9), sharing cups and glasses (mOR=2.7), and taking a bath less than once a week (mOR=2.6). These findings emphasize primary prevention through immunizations, secondary prevention following exposure to diphtheria (and to suspicious skin lesions), and adherence to strict standards of personal hygiene.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Diphtheria: A Prospective Case‐Control Study in the Republic of Georgia, 1995–1996

Quick

Sutter

Kobaidze³

et al. 2000

J INFECT DIS

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“…Initial reports that cutaneous diphtheria was more common and of more significance than previously reported in Canada (Dixon & Thorsteinson, 1969) and the United States (Belsey et al 1969), were followed by a report by Jellard (1972), who noted 242 skin infections among 1238 persons infected with C. diphtheriae in northern Alberta and in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Indian or Metis persons contributed 207 (85 %) of these cases and the majority of patients were children.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 92%

“…Attention was drawn by Belsey et al (1969) to the importance of skin infections as a significant reservoir of diphtheria in Louisiana and Alabama, and to the occurrence of skin carriage in areas that had been free from clinical disease for many years. The study was stimulated by the fortuitous culturing of C. diphtheriae from skin lesions of a child with typical impetigo during a survey of respiratory-tract carriers.…”

Section: The Southern United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diphtheria in North America

Dixon

1984

J. Hyg.

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SummaryThe incidence of diphtheria has declined in North America during the last fifty years until it is now an uncommon disease. This general pattern is similar to that seen in other developed countries with well-organized immunization programmes, but certain noteworthy characteristics have been observed in recent years: foci of infection lingered in two population groups of low socio-economic status, in both of which the skin has been an important reservoir. In central areas of certain cities, endemic diphtheria, chiefly cutaneous, has occurred amongst indigent adult males living in unhygienic conditions; and in the native Indian population of Northern Canada diphtheria infection has been endemic in infants and children, many of the infections being of the skin or ear and toxic disease being uncommon. During the last few years, diphtheria outbreaks have not been reported in urban areas and possibly endemicity is now restricted to northern native populations. The number of infections detected in these northern endemic areas is steadily decreasing.

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“…Dermal infection resulted in healthy carriers in the vicinity oftener than did pharyngeal involvement. 225 Diphtheroid bacilli, like other commensals, are pathogenic only when resistance is impaired. Nine infections were described.…”

Section: Tularemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious diseases: annual review of significant publications

Reimann

1970

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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Corynebacterium diphtheriaeSkin Infections in Alabama and Louisiana

Cited by 68 publications

References 6 publications

Risk Factors for Diphtheria: A Prospective Case‐Control Study in the Republic of Georgia, 1995–1996

Risk Factors for Diphtheria: A Prospective Case‐Control Study in the Republic of Georgia, 1995–1996

Diphtheria in North America

Infectious diseases: annual review of significant publications

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