<i>Coxiella burnetii</i>
            Infection of a Steller Sea Lion (
            <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>
            ) Found in Washington State

Kersh, Gilbert J.; Lambourn, Dyanna M.; Self, Joshua S.; Akmajian, Adrianne M.; Stanton, James B.; Baszler, Timothy V.; Raverty, Stephen; Massung, Robert F.

doi:10.1128/jcm.00758-10

Cited by 44 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Synechococcus and Beggiatoaceae species can be found together in microbial mats (e.g., see reference 35), which may be favorable environments for gene exchange. Coxiella burnetii is a gammaproteobacterium only known to grow as an intracellular pathogen (36), but its DNA has been detected by PCR in a variety of terrestrial (37) and marine (38) environments, and one strain has been found infecting a Steller sea lion (39), making genetic exchange between Coxiella and Beggiatoaceae a possibility. As more giant sulfur bacterial chromosomal sequences become available, however, there may be evidence for vertical transmission of 23S rRNA introns within this group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Elements in a Single-Filament Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (“Candidatus Maribeggiatoa”) sp. Draft Genome: Evidence for Genetic Exchange with Cyanobacteria

MacGregor

Biddle

Teske

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The draft genome sequence of a single orange Beggiatoa ("Candidatus Maribeggiatoa") filament collected from a microbial mat at a hydrothermal site in Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California, Mexico) shows evidence of extensive genetic exchange with cyanobacteria, in particular for sensory and signal transduction genes. A putative homing endonuclease gene and group I intron within the 23S rRNA gene; several group II catalytic introns; GyrB and DnaE inteins, also encoding homing endonucleases; multiple copies of sequences similar to the fdxN excision elements XisH and XisI (required for heterocyst differentiation in some cyanobacteria); and multiple sequences related to an open reading frame (ORF) (00024_0693) of unknown function all have close non-Beggiatoaceae matches with cyanobacterial sequences. Sequences similar to the uncharacterized ORF and Xis elements are found in other Beggiatoaceae genomes, a variety of cyanobacteria, and a few phylogenetically dispersed pleiomorphic or filamentous bacteria. We speculate that elements shared among filamentous bacterial species may have been exchanged in microbial mats and that some of them may be involved in cell differentiation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Elements in a Single-Filament Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (“Candidatus Maribeggiatoa”) sp. Draft Genome: Evidence for Genetic Exchange with Cyanobacteria

MacGregor

Biddle

Teske

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Quantitative PCR to detect the IS1111a insertion sequence was performed as described previously (16). One microliter of DNA extract was used in each 25-l PCR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and Persistence of Coxiella burnetii in the Environments of Goat Farms Associated with a Q Fever Outbreak

Kersh

Fitzpatrick

Self

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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106

128

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Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by inhalation of the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Ruminant livestock are common reservoirs for C. burnetii, and bacteria present in aerosols derived from the waste of infected animals can infect humans. The significance of infection from material deposited in the environment versus transmission directly from infected animals is not known. In 2011, an outbreak of Q fever cases on farms in Washington and Montana was associated with infected goats. A study was undertaken to investigate the quantity and spatial distribution of C. burnetii in the environment of these goat farms. Soil, vacuum, and sponge samples collected on seven farms epidemiologically linked to the outbreak were tested for the presence of C. burnetii DNA by quantitative PCR. Overall, 70.1% of the samples were positive for C. burnetii. All farms had positive samples, but the quantity of C. burnetii varied widely between samples and between farms. High quantities of C. burnetii DNA were in goat housing/birthing areas, and only small quantities were found in samples collected more than 50 m from these areas. Follow-up sampling at one of the farms 1 year after the outbreak found small quantities of C. burnetii DNA in air samples and large quantities of C. burnetii persisting in soil and vacuum samples. The results suggest that the highest concentrations of environmental C. burnetii are found in goat birthing areas and that contamination of other areas is mostly associated with human movement.

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“…Primers targeting the IS1111a insertion sequence were used to detect C burnetii according to published procedures. 20 Samples with a crossing threshold value < 40 were considered positive. If any biological sample from an animal tested positive by PCR assay, the animal was identified as a C burnetii shedder.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epizootiological investigation of a Q fever outbreak and implications for future control strategies

Anderson¹,

Szymanski²,

Emery³

et al. 2015

javma

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Objective-To describe the epizootiological investigation of an outbreak of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection). Design-Epidemiological study. Animals-17 goat herds in Washington, Montana, and Oregon. Procedures-In April 2011, an abortion storm at a commercial goat farm in Washington was determined to be caused by C burnetii. A joint epidemiological investigation by public health and veterinary professionals was subsequently performed to assess the extent of the outbreak by performing a trace-forward of goats sold from the index farm, to determine risk factors associated with infection, and to implement control measures. A herd management plan was developed to control the outbreak and reduce risk of human exposure. Quarantine and temporary holds preventing the sale or movement of goats allowed time for trace-forward investigation, education of farmers regarding disease risk, and testing to determine the scope of the outbreak. Results-17 farms were affected; 21 human Q fever cases were identified. Bacterial shedding in feces, vaginal fluid, or milk was confirmed in 156 of 629 (25%) goats tested by PCR assay. Seroprevalence of antibodies against C burnetii in goats, determined by ELISA, was 12%. The risk for C burnetii infection in goats was highest among females, those on farms associated with human Q fever, and those on Washington farms. A protective effect was observed for goats at farms where the primary form of goat carcass disposal was burial. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-This outbreak illustrated the importance of a joint investigation for zoonotic pathogens and the need to expand and strengthen relationships between medical, public health, and veterinary partners. Heightened awareness and enhanced veterinary diagnostic capabilities for C burnetii are needed to identify and control outbreaks expediently. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:1379-1386

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Coxiella burnetii Infection of a Steller Sea Lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Found in Washington State

Cited by 44 publications

References 17 publications

Mobile Elements in a Single-Filament Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (“Candidatus Maribeggiatoa”) sp. Draft Genome: Evidence for Genetic Exchange with Cyanobacteria

Mobile Elements in a Single-Filament Orange Guaymas Basin Beggiatoa (“Candidatus Maribeggiatoa”) sp. Draft Genome: Evidence for Genetic Exchange with Cyanobacteria

Presence and Persistence of Coxiella burnetii in the Environments of Goat Farms Associated with a Q Fever Outbreak

Epizootiological investigation of a Q fever outbreak and implications for future control strategies

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