<i>Cryptosporidium</i> Incidence and Surface Water Influence of Groundwater Supplying Public Water Systems in Minnesota, USA

Stokdyk, Joel P.; Spencer, Susan K.; Walsh, James F.; Lambert, Jane R. de; Firnstahl, Aaron D.; Anderson, Andrew; Rezania, Lih-in W.; Borchardt, Mark A.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05446

Cited by 33 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In a recent study conducted in Minnesota, it was found that 40% of the 145 wells examined were contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. ; furthermore, out of 45 samples sequenced, 41 were positive for C. parvum , 2 were positive for C. hominis , and 2 were positive for C. andersoni [27]. Following the examination of the 178 outbreaks that occurred in England and Wales between 2009 and 2017, it was highlighted that the transmission of the protozoan occurred mainly via recreational water, animal contact, environmental contact, person-to-person spread, drinking water and food.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Oocyst Contamination in Drinking Water: A Case Study in Italy

Pignata¹,

Bonetta²,

Bonetta³

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in a rural area of northern Italy. Influent and effluent samples were collected at the DWTP over three years (2013–2016). In parallel, tap water samples from a public drinking fountain were collected as well. All samples were analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by a common method based on an immunomagnetic separation (IMS)/immunofluorescence assay (IFA), complemented by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. A reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) protocol was added to evaluate oocyst viability. The results highlighted a high variability of oocyst concentrations across all samples (mean 4.3 ± 5.8/100 L) and a high variability in the percentage of DAPI-positive specimens (mean 48.2% ± 40.3%). Conversely, RT-PCR did not reveal the presence of viable C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts. A nested PCR targeting Cryptosporidium 18S ribosomal DNA, carried out in two water samples, confirmed the presence of a Cryptosporidium genotype associated with wild animals in the river and in tap water. The results obtained underline the vulnerability of the investigated surface water to Cryptosporidium spp. contamination. Although the recovered Cryptosporidium genotype is not a human pathogen, its presence demonstrates the existence of a potential pathogen Cryptosporidium spp. contamination risk. Moreover, these results underline the importance of also considering unconventional (not bacterial) biological contaminations (protozoa) in water resources in rural areas, including those of developed countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Oocyst Contamination in Drinking Water: A Case Study in Italy

Pignata¹,

Bonetta²,

Bonetta³

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Cryptosporidium oocysts were investigated in several studies either alone or along with other intestinal parasites among different population groups [13][14][15][16], as well as, in the environment [17][18][19] and domestic animals [20,21]. In Jordan, studies on Cryptosporidium were conducted on normal and immunocompromised patients among different age groups [10,12,[22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan: First Preliminary Screening Surveillance

et al. 2019

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Few studies have reported the incidence of cryptosporidiosis among hemodialysis patients worldwide. Currently many molecular and immunological assays have been developed for the sensitive diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, but still, the microscopic detection of the parasitic infective stage (oocysts) in stool specimens using modified acid stain is regarded as a reliable sensitive technique which is widely used in many clinical labs. In the present study, a total of 133 stool samples were collected from hemodialysis patients and were screened for Cryptosporidium oocyst using formalin-ether concentration and modified acid-fast staining technique. Clinical and demographic data were also collected and analyzed. Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered in 15/133 (11%) of the investigated hemodialysis patients. The age of patients ranged from 25 to 80 years (mean: 57.84 ± 12.22). Most of the Cryptosporidium-positive cases were recovered from males (73.7%) residing in rural villages in Irbid city (86.6%). The most repeatedly reported symptoms in the Cryptosporidium-positive patients were gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea (15%), nausea (24%), abdominal pain (23%) and bloating (17%), in addition to general fatigue (32%) and weight loss (19%). No statistically significant associations for certain clinical symptoms or risk factors were found. The present study is the first preliminary study in Jordan that provided a brief screening for the incidence of cryptosporidiosis among hemodialysis patients.

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“…Cryptosporidium is a worldwide zoonotic apicomplexan protozoan parasite (1) infecting the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of vertebrates, including humans, livestock, wild animals, and birds (2,3). The most common routes for Cryptosporidium transmission are direct fecal contamination or contaminated drink water that result in diarrhea in a variety of vertebrate hosts (4). In humans, this infection is commonly found in children and immunocompromised individuals (5,6); in children, cryptosporidiosis influences growth, physical activity, and cognitive function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of Different Diagnostic Tools for Detection of Cryptosporidium in Children with Diarrhea

Mahmoudi¹,

Tappeh²,

Abasi³

et al. 2019

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease found in children and HIV-positive individuals, and is mainly accompanied with diarrhea. Objectives: This study attempted to compare the sensitivity and specificity of acid-fast (AF) staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to determine Cryptosporidium and its predominant species in diarrheal stool samples of children. Methods: In total, 221 diarrheal stool samples were collected from children admitted to Motahari Hospital in Urmia city, NorthWest of Iran. The AF staining and ELISA methods were used to analyze all the samples, while the PCR method was considered as the gold standard of the study. Positive samples shown by PCR were sequenced to determine Cryptosporidium species (spp.). The three methods were compared regarding statistical factors, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, time duration, and experiment costs. Results: Of the 221 analyzed samples, four and seven samples were positive for Cryptosporidium, as indicated by the AF staining and PCR methods, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the AF staining method were shown to be 57.14% and 99.53%, respectively, and five out of 94 samples were diagnosed as positive using ELISA (with 71.4% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Conclusions: Our findings showed that ELISA found less false positive and false negative in comparison with the AF staining method to detect Cryptosporidium. Despite having higher sensitivity and specificity in comparison with the ELISA method, PCR needs more time and cost; therefore, ELISA is preferred for laboratory routine works. Due to limited information on molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., more studies using molecular methods are needed to elucidate accurate species.

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Cryptosporidium Incidence and Surface Water Influence of Groundwater Supplying Public Water Systems in Minnesota, USA

Cited by 33 publications

References 41 publications

Cryptosporidium Oocyst Contamination in Drinking Water: A Case Study in Italy

Cryptosporidium Oocyst Contamination in Drinking Water: A Case Study in Italy

Cryptosporidiosis among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan: First Preliminary Screening Surveillance

Utility of Different Diagnostic Tools for Detection of Cryptosporidium in Children with Diarrhea

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