<i>Cryptosporidium</i> outbreaks associated with swimming pools

LamSteven,; SivaramalingamBhairavi,; GangodawilageHarshani,

doi:10.5864/d2014-011

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…and Giardia spp. infections (Snel et al ., 2009 ; Yoder et al ., 2012a , b ) and pool-associated outbreaks in the United States (Lam et al ., 2014 ) and Canada (CCDR, 2004 ). Cryptosporidium spp., C. cayetanensis , and Giardia spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Relative Role of Various Subcategories of Food, Water, and Animal Contact Transmission of 28 Enteric Diseases in Canada

Butler

PintarKatarina

Kate

2016

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Objective: Enteric illness represents a significant burden of illness in Canada and internationally. Building on previous research, an expert elicitation was undertaken to explore the routes of transmission for 28 pathogens involved in enteric illness in Canada. This article considers the subcategories of foodborne, waterborne, and animal contact transmission.Methods: As part of an expert elicitation, 31 experts were asked to provide estimates of source attribution for subcategories of foodborne (n = 15), waterborne (n = 10), and animal contact (n = 3) transmission. The results from an online survey were combined using triangular probability distributions, and median and 90% credible intervals were produced. The total proportion and estimated number of cases of enteric illness attributable to each type of food commodity, water source, and animal exposure route were calculated using results from the larger elicitation survey and from a recent Canadian foodborne burden of illness study (Thomas et al., 2013).Results: Thirty experts provided foodborne subcategory estimates for 15/28 pathogens, waterborne subcategory estimates for 14/28 pathogens and animal contact subcategory estimates for 5/28. The elicitation identified raw produce, recreational water, and farm animal contact as important risk factors for enteric illness. These results also highlighted the complexity of transmission, with greater uncertainty for certain pathogens and routes of transmission.Conclusions: This study is the first of its kind to explore subcategories of foodborne, waterborne, and animal contact transmission across such a range of enteric pathogens. Despite inherent uncertainty, these estimates present an important quantitative synthesis of the roles of foodborne commodities, water sources, and pathways of animal contact in the transmission of enteric illness in Canada.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Relative Role of Various Subcategories of Food, Water, and Animal Contact Transmission of 28 Enteric Diseases in Canada

Butler

PintarKatarina

Kate

2016

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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“…This protozoan parasite exhibits extreme chlorine tolerance (Hlavsa et al, 2017). Thus, the presence and proper maintenance of swimming pool filters are one of the key steps for mitigating the occurrence of outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and other pathogenic protozoa, and for protecting the health of pool users (Lam et al, 2014). According to Hlavsa et al (2017), avoiding swimming when ill with diarrhoea is another key tool for preventing and controlling aquatic facility-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swimming is one of the favourite leisure activities of people in tropical countries, especially during the warmer seasons. However, this practice can expose people to a variety of infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and pathogenic protozoa that may be present in the water (Ghimire, Ghimire, Shaku, & Mishra, 2010; Lam, Sivaramalingam, & Gangodawilage, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasmagondii oocysts, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in outdoor swimming pools in Brazil

Pineda

Leal

Fiúza

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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The accidental ingestion of treated recreational water is an important transmission route of waterborne protozoa worldwide. The present study aimed to provide the first evaluation of swimming pools in Brazil, analysing the presence of pathogenic protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) by parasitological and molecular methods. A total of 57 samples were collected from 21 public swimming pools, either directly from the pool or filter backwash water and concentrated using the membrane filtration technique. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were visualized by direct immunofluorescence assay after purification by immunomagnetic separation. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were detected by autofluorescence visualization using the supernatant discarded during the purification step as a sample. Positive samples were submitted to molecular analysis. The molecular markers were used: SSU-rRNA, tpi, gdh and bg, for Giardia DNA amplification, and 18S rRNA gene fragment amplification was used for the Cryptosporidium oocysts. The 529-bp repeat element (REP529) fragment and the 35-fold repetitive B1 gene were employed as a target for T. gondii. Amplified products were submitted to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Giardia cysts were detected in 19.0% and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 9.5% of swimming pools. In one swimming pool (4.7%), both protozoa were detected on at least one occasion. Structures similar to T. gondii oocysts were detected in 33.3% of the samples, ranging from one to 23 per slide. Giardia was confirmed by DNA amplification in three swimming pools; Giardia duodenalis Assemblage A was identified by the phylogenetic positioning of the β-giardin gene. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in 14.2% of swimming pools. The present study represents the first report of the occurrence of T. gondii oocysts in swimming pools. Recreational activity in swimming pools contaminated by chlorine-resistant protozoa can represent a high risk of infection for bathers and swimmers.

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“…There are some risks associated with diving, as there are with all sport activities. For example, there is a very small risk of incidental adverse health effects from water chlorination and water‐borne contaminants found in public swimming pools . It is also possible to sustain injury while performing dives, usually outside public pools and diving into shallow water, though this tends to be quite rare, with reported injury rates of 8.4 per 100,000 U.S. residents each year .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Board Diving Regulations in Public Swimming Pools and Risk of Injury

Williams

Odin

2015

Risk Analysis

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Public session access to diving boards is one of the stepping stones for those wishing to develop their skills in the sport of diving. The extent to which certain dive forms are considered risky (forward/backward/rotations) and therefore not permitted is a matter for local pool managers. In study one, 20 public pools with diving facilities responded to a UK survey concerning their diving regulation policy and related injury incidence in the previous year. More restrictive regulation of dive forms was not associated with a decrease in injuries [rs(42)=-.20, p=0.93]. In study two, diving risk perception and attitudes towards regulation were compared between experienced club divers (N=22) and non-divers (N=22). Risk perception was lower for those with experience, and these people favoured less regulation.The findings are interpreted in terms of a risk thermostat model, where for complex physical performance activities such as diving, individuals may exercise caution in proportion to their ability and previous experience of success and failure related to the activity. Though intuitively appealing, restrictive regulation of public pool diving may be ineffective in practice because risk is not simplistically associated with dive forms, and divers are able to respond flexibly to risk by exercising caution where appropriate.

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Cryptosporidium outbreaks associated with swimming pools

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Estimating the Relative Role of Various Subcategories of Food, Water, and Animal Contact Transmission of 28 Enteric Diseases in Canada

Estimating the Relative Role of Various Subcategories of Food, Water, and Animal Contact Transmission of 28 Enteric Diseases in Canada

Toxoplasmagondii oocysts, Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in outdoor swimming pools in Brazil

Board Diving Regulations in Public Swimming Pools and Risk of Injury

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