<i>Cryptosporidium</i> outbreaks: identification, diagnosis, and management

Horne, Sebastian; Sibal, Bharat; Sibal, Neelima; Green, Helen K.

doi:10.3399/bjgp17x692501

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…have been reported in watersheds (Masangkay et al, 2016), sediments (Kong et al, 2017), and in tap water (Watanabe et al, 2005). In humans, C. parvum and C. hominis have been linked to outbreaks (Horne et al, 2017) and were recently reported in freshwater bivalves for human consumption in the Philippines (Pagoso and Rivera, 2017). C. viatorum and C. meleagridis although less commonly isolated, have been detected in immunocompromised individuals (Wesolowska, et al, 2016;Adamu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Cryptosporidium hominis in a freshwater sponge

Masangkay

Milanez

Tsiami

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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Identification of Cryptosporidium oocyst is essential in ensuring water quality fit for human use, consumption, and recreation. This communication proposes the supplemental analysis of substrateassociated biofilms, in particular, freshwater sponges in improving case finding of waterborne-protozoan pathogens (WBPP) in environmental aquatic samples. In this study, a small portion of a mature freshwater sponge under the Genus Radiospongilla was subjected to microscopic and molecular analysis to identify the presence of Cryptosporidium. Microscopic screening with modified Kinyoun's staining (MK) and microscopic confirmation using direct antibody fluorescent testing (IFT) returned with Cryptosporidium spp. positive findings. Molecular investigation resulted in the confirmation of Cryptosporidium hominis upon sequencing of PCR products and phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of a pathogenic protozoan, C. hominis isolated from a freshwater sponge. The results of this study provide evidence of the value of expanding water quality assessment strategies to the analysis of substrate-associated biofilms and sponges in improving case finding of WBPP in natural aquatic environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Cryptosporidium hominis in a freshwater sponge

Masangkay

Milanez

Tsiami

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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“…15,29 High rates of soil contamination and frequent infection among animals living in settlements have been detected in two studies, suggesting that Roma are more exposed to sources of infection. 17,22 Living in rural areas, 30 and frequent consummation of undercooked meat and unwashed vegetables and fruits represent another risk factor, [31][32][33] and those practices are standard in Roma as a consequence of inadequate sanitary conditions. 15 Also, use of the woods for heating, that are contaminated with soil, through which people come in contact with parasites, influences the high prevalence of some endoparasites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic zoonoses in the Roma population

Bajkovec¹,

Vilibić-Čavlek²,

Barbić³

et al. 2021

Germs

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Roma people are the largest minority group in Europe. The vast majority live in substandard conditions in segregated settlements, overcrowded with people and animals that predispose them to various, especially zoonotic diseases. Parasitic zoonotic diseases remain a challenge in this vulnerable population group, especially among Roma children. PubMed was searched using the keywords Roma with combination of names of different parasites to get all available studies on prevalence of parasitic zoonoses among European Roma, published between years 2000 and 2020. After application of exclusion criteria, data were extracted from the studies that made the final sample. Parasitic zoonoses are common among Roma. Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma gondii, soiltransmitted helminths and Giardia spp. are more common in Roma children compared to non-Roma children, and Toxoplasma gondii and soil-transmitted helminths are also more common in Roma adults compared to non-Roma adults. Data on prevalence of trichinellosis, echinococcosis, and taeniasis among Roma show that they do not affect Roma more often compared to the general population. Roma people, particularly children, are more susceptible to parasitic zoonoses. Substandard sanitary conditions and close contact with infected animals are important risk factors in this population and should be aimed with preventive measures. Keywords Zoonosis, Roma population, Europe, parasitic diseases, protozoan parasites, helminths Introduction1 Zoonotic diseases encompass a wide range of pathogens and modes of transmission. Pathogens that can cause zoonoses include viruses, bacteria and parasites. The transmission mainly occurs

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“…Cryptosporidium oocysts can retain viability and infectivity for more than 12 weeks in the environment [28], and while cryptosporidium oocyst numbers are typically reduced over time in water, they remain infective for the longest time in colder temperatures and can retain viability and infectivity after freezing [28][29][30]. In addition, the average incubation period for cryptosporidiosis has been reported to be around seven days [31][32][33][34], with a minimum incubation period of around one to two days [31][32][33]. Therefore, to account in part for high concentrations of cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters following severe weather events that could retain viability and infectivity for longer periods, as well as the incubation period for cryptosporidiosis in humans, a period of 21 days (i.e.…”

Section: Space-time Cluster Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe weather events and cryptosporidiosis in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case series of space–time clusters

Grout,

Hales,

Baker

et al. 2024

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Occurrence of cryptosporidiosis has been associated with weather conditions in many settings internationally. We explored statistical clusters of human cryptosporidiosis and their relationship with severe weather events in New Zealand (NZ). Notified cases of cryptosporidiosis from 1997 to 2015 were obtained from the national surveillance system. Retrospective space-time permutation was used to identify statistical clusters. Cluster data were compared to severe weather events in a national database. SaTScan analysis detected 38 statistically significant cryptosporidiosis clusters. Around a third (34.2%, 13/38) of these clusters showed temporal and spatial alignment with severe weather events. Of these, nearly half (46.2%, 6/13) occurred in the spring. Only five (38%, 5/13) of these clusters corresponded to a previously reported cryptosporidiosis outbreak. This study provides additional evidence that severe weather events may contribute to the development of some cryptosporidiosis clusters. Further research on this association is needed as rainfall intensity is projected to rise in NZ due to climate change. The findings also provide further arguments for upgrading the quality of drinking water sources to minimize contamination with pathogens from runoff from livestock agriculture.

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Cryptosporidium outbreaks: identification, diagnosis, and management

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

First report of Cryptosporidium hominis in a freshwater sponge

First report of Cryptosporidium hominis in a freshwater sponge

Parasitic zoonoses in the Roma population

Severe weather events and cryptosporidiosis in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case series of space–time clusters

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