<i>Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age</i>

Riordan, Michael; Hoddeson, Lillian; Narayanamurti, V.

doi:10.1063/1.882250

Cited by 51 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…1. Some studies have examined specific inventions at specific times, such as Nelson's (1962) or Riordan and Hoddeson's (1997) study of the invention of the transistor. Similarly, Tushman and Anderson's (1986) list of technological discontinuities or Girifalco's (1991) list of innovations since the 18th century attempt to focus on singular inventions.…”

Section: Functional Definition Of a Technology (Top-down)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology structural implications from the extension of a patent search method

Benson

Magee

2014

Scientometrics

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Many areas of academic and industrial work make use of the notion of a 'technology'. This paper attempts to reduce the ambiguity around the definition of what constitutes a 'technology' by extension of a method described previously that finds highly relevant patent sets for specified technological fields. The method relies on a less ambiguous definition that includes both a functional component and a component consisting of the underlying knowledge in a technological field to form a two-component definition. These two components form a useful definition of a technology that allows for objective, repeatable and thus comparable analysis of specific technologies. 28 technological domains are investigated: the extension of an earlier technique is shown to be capable of finding highly relevant and complete patent sets for each of the technologies. Overall, about 500,000 patents from 1976 to 2012 are classified into these 28 domains. The patents in each of these sets are not only highly relevant to the domain of interest but there are relatively low numbers of patents classified into any two of these domains (total patents classified in two domains are 2.9 % of the total patents and the great majority of patent class pairs have zero overlap with a few of the 378 patent class pairs containing the bulk of the doubly listed patents). On the other hand, the patents within a given domain cite patents in other domains about 90 % of the time. These results suggest that technology can be usefully decomposed to distinct units but that the inventions in these relatively tightly contained units depend upon widely spread additional knowledge.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Section: Functional Definition Of a Technology (Top-down)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology structural implications from the extension of a patent search method

Benson

Magee

2014

Scientometrics

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“…In semiconductor technology, this is exemplified by the development of transistor by Bell Labs team, an achievement made possible by harnessing the field effect in semiconductors 13 . Correspondingly, advancement of alternative computational schemes requires exploration of field effects between coupled functionalities.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ionic field effect and memristive phenomena in single-point ferroelectric domain switching

et al. 2014

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Electric field-induced polarization switching underpins most functional applications of ferroelectric materials in information technology, materials science and optoelectronics. Recently, much attention has been focused on the switching of individual domains using scanning probe microscopy. The classical picture of tip-induced switching, including formation of cylindrical domains with size, is largely determined by the field distribution and domain wall motion kinetics. The polarization screening is recognized as a necessary precondition to the stability of ferroelectric phase; however, screening processes are generally considered to be uniformly efficient and not leading to changes in switching behaviour. Here we demonstrate that single-point tip-induced polarization switching can give rise to a surprisingly broad range of domain morphologies, including radial and angular instabilities. These behaviours are traced to the surface screening charge dynamics, which in some cases can even give rise to anomalous switching against the electric field (ionic field effect).

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“…Man denke nur an das Naserümpfen gegen Sommerfelds ,,Schmierölphysik'' (Eckert 1993) oder Wolfgang Paulis entsetzte Reaktion auf Rudolf Peierls vorsichtigen Vorschlag, doch einmal eine Theorie elektrischer Leitung in Festkörpern zu unternehmen: ,,One shouldn't wallow in dirt'' (Cahn 2002: 4). Doch mit der rasanten Entwicklung der Halbleiterphysik und der durch sie möglich gemachten Revolution der Mikroelektronik (Queisser 1985, Riordan/Hoddeson 1997 verwandelte sich dieses Vorurteil gegen Verunreinigungen und Abweichungen von idealen Kristallgittern in ein zunehmendes Interesse an eben diesem Einfluss kleinster Beimengungen, die nunmehr mit positiver Konnotation ,Dotierung' genannt wurden. Heute ist die gezielte Kontrolle und Beeinflussung solcher Dotierungen in parts per trillion und andere mikrostrukturelle Besonderheiten eine der Kernaufgaben der Materialwissenschaft als eine ,,science of dirt '' geworden (vgl.…”

Section: Beziehungsweise Supramolecularunclassified

From Scattered Research on Diverse Materials to Materials Science

Hentschel

2011

N.T.M.

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The manipulation of materials, and to some extent also their systematic classification, form an integral part of the skills and culture of all societies. Yet it took long for proper sciences (e.g., metallurgy, glass technology, polymer chemistry or solid-state physics) to develop out of many processing procedures, tapping the accumulated knowledge about specific material characteristics. In the late 20th century an overarching science of workable materials emerged: materials science. This concept and term originated from major boosts in materials research during WWII and the Cold War, first financed by the U.S. Department of Defense and the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). The COSMAT-Report from 1974, written by the American Presidential Science Advisory Committee's ,,Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering'' four years after its inception, and subsequent reports heralded in the second institutionalization phase of materials science in the USA and with some delay also elsewhere. As the field continued to expand, the demand grew from within in the late 1990s for disciplinary status.This article sorts these claims from the various camps (by solid state physicists vs. chemists vs. engineers) and sets them in the context of unfolding institutional change. The developments within the German-speaking realm, thus far unduly neglected in these debates, are added. I close with a systematic discussion of eight indicator arguments for or against a convergence of this complex field of research into a single coherent discipline. Against Bensaude-Vincent's (2001: 242) thesis that materials science still is an ''aggregation of fragments of knowledge'', I argue that by 2010 materials science did indeed achieve disciplinary status in a historically rare and enduring process of discipline formation through ''emergence by integration'' rather than by differentiation.

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Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Technology structural implications from the extension of a patent search method

Technology structural implications from the extension of a patent search method

Ionic field effect and memristive phenomena in single-point ferroelectric domain switching

From Scattered Research on Diverse Materials to Materials Science

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