Seventeen human clinical isolates representing four species of Desulfovibrio were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequences and tests for catalase, indole, nitrate, bile, urease, formate-fumarate stimulation, desulfoviridin, motility, and hydrogen sulfide production, plus susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Eighty additional strains representing 10 phenotypically similar genera (Bilophila, Selenomonas, Capnocytophaga, Campylobacter, Bacteroides, Sutterella, Anaerobiospirillum, Dialister, Veillonella, and Mobiluncus) were included for comparison. All Desulfovibrio species produced H 2 S and were desulfoviridin positive, and all Desulfovibrio species except D. piger were motile. The four Desulfovibrio species could be distinguished from each other using tests for catalase, indole, nitrate, urease, and growth on bile, with the following results ( Sulfate-reducing bacteria are a diverse group of organisms that include Desulfovibrio, Desulfomicrobium, Desulfobulbus, Desulfobacter, Desulfococcus, Desulfosarcina, Desulfobacterium, Desulfonema, Desulfotomaculum, and Thermodesulfobacterium. This group of organisms has a variety of morphologies, biochemical properties, and nutritional requirements. With the exception of Desulfovibrio spp., they are found only in the natural environment (4,30).Desulfovibrio is one of the first genera described and the most thoroughly studied genus among the sulfate-reducing bacteria (4, 5). These are sulfate-reducing, nonfermenting, anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli characterized by the presence of a pigment, desulfoviridin, which fluoresces red in alkaline pH and blue-green in acid pH under long-wavelength UV light (15,28) and by a strong sulfurous odor in broth media.Desulfovibrio spp. are ubiquitous, found in the environment, such as soil, water, and sewage, as well as in the digestive tracts of animals and humans (4,5,17,20,25,27,31). Two of the Desulfovibrio species, D. piger and D. fairfieldensis, have never been isolated from outside the human body and can be considered natural inhabitants of the intestinal tract, where sulfates abound (10,17,19). The organisms are usually recovered from mixed cultures and may cause human infections. They have been isolated from a variety of sources, such as brain