“I don't know if I would report them”: Student-athletes' thoughts, feelings and anticipated behaviours on blowing the whistle on doping in sport

Erickson, Kelsey; Backhouse, Susan H.; Carless, David

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.01.005

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Stepanov regarding Russian Athletics), the concept of reporting wrongdoing has garnered increasing interest from researchers (Erickson, Backhouse, & Carless, 2017;Whitaker, Backhouse, & Long, 2014), the media and anti-doping organisations worldwide. Despite the increased emphasis and reliance upon intelligence-driven deterrence over the traditional detection-deterrence approach (i.e., drug testing), research on doping whistleblowing has not kept pace with the developments in anti-doping policy and practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the increased emphasis and reliance upon intelligence-driven deterrence over the traditional detection-deterrence approach (i.e., drug testing), research on doping whistleblowing has not kept pace with the developments in anti-doping policy and practice. Few researchers have considered the issue (see Whitaker et al, 2014;Erickson et al, 2017), and insights from individuals who have actually blown the whistle on doping are unavailable. This lack of understanding, alongside growing recognition for the limitations to the detection-deterrence approach (e.g., drug tests will never be able to detect all substances) inspired the present research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“The process isn’t a case of report it and stop”: Athletes’ lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport

Erickson

Patterson

Backhouse

2019

Sport Management Review

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Whistleblowing is effective for exposing doping in sport, garnering increased support and promotion within the global anti-doping community. However, limited attention has been afforded towards understanding the doping whistleblowing process. In response, the authors convey a sense of the whistleblowing context by using the actual words of whistleblowers to illuminate their experience. To achieve this aim, the authors have adopted a narrative approach. Three doping whistleblowers were interviewed regarding their lived experiences of whistleblowing on doping and the data has been represented in the form of one composite creative non-fiction story. The story narrates the whistleblowing experience as a process whereby individuals must (a) determine what they witnessed and experienced was doping, (b) make the decision and take action to report it, and (c) deal with the myriad of consequences and emotions. It also highlights the dilemma faced by whistleblowers who are likely equally compelled to adhere to the moral of loyalty and fairness; yet in this context they are unable to do both. Stemming from the story presented and the forms of retribution experienced, the authors offer practical suggestions for sporting organisations to address in order to empower others to whistleblow on doping in sport. Specifically, organisations should establish and implement whistleblowing policies that: (a) provide protection for whistleblowers, (b) mandate whistleblowing education, and (c) identify an independent person for individuals to seek guidance and support from before, during and following the act of whistleblowing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“The process isn’t a case of report it and stop”: Athletes’ lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport

Erickson

Patterson

Backhouse

2019

Sport Management Review

Self Cite

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“…Such findings highlight the role of sportspecific norms and expectations around reporting doping misconduct (Whitaker et al, 2014). Another study (Erickson et al, 2017) also found that student athletes were reluctant to report ADRVs to a third party. Instead, they would prefer to personally confront athletes who commit ADRVs as a way to de-normalize doping in sport.…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Whistleblowing against ADRVs and other doping-related misconduct has been recognized as an effective deterrent of doping behaviour in sport (Erickson et al, 2019;Verschuuren, 20202020), and WADA has invested significant resources in promoting this behaviour among competitive and elite athletes. Nevertheless, research on this topic is scarce and largely exploratory, using qualitative/inductive methods and small samples of athletes and students (e.g., Erickson et al, 2017;Whitaker et al, 2014). The present study is the first one to empirically assess whistleblowing intentions against doping misconduct using: (a) quantitative research methods and multivariate statistical analyses, (b) a specific theoretical framework, and (c) a large international sample of competitive, highperforming athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whistleblowing against doping in sport: A cross-national study on the effects of motivation and sportspersonship orientations on whistleblowing intentions

Barkoukis

Bondarev

Lazuras

et al. 2020

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Whistleblowing against anti-doping rule violations and related misconduct has been recognized as an important deterrent of doping behaviour in competitive sport. However, research on whistleblowing against doping is scarce and the available studies have focused on small samples using qualitative and inductive approaches. The present study used quantitative methods to assess, for the first time, the association between self-determined motivation, achievement goals, sportspersonship orientations and intentions to engage in whistleblowing against doping misconduct. A total of 992 competitive athletes from Greece (n = 480) and Russia (n = 512) completed structured measures of self-determination, achievement goals, sportspersonship orientation beliefs, and intentions to report doping misconduct. Latent profile analysis classified athletes into clusters consistent with the theoretical predictions. One-way analyses of variance further showed consistently across countries that autonomous motivated athletes reported higher intentions to whistleblow, and athletes with higher scores in achievement goals and sportspersonship orientations had significantly higher scores in whistleblowing intentions, compared to those with lower scores in these characteristics in both countries. This is the first study to demonstrate the association between motivational regulations, achievement goals, sportspersonship beliefs, and whistleblowing intentions. The theoretical and policy implications of our study are discussed.

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“…The revised WADC (Article 10.6.1) supports the provision by athletes of substantial assistance to uncover anti-doping rule violations by offering the possibility of reducing the length of their sanctions reduced or even completely remove them ( World Anti-Doping Agency [WADA], 2015a ). Up until now there have been some studies with a focus on athletes’ perception of reporting doping or whistleblowing ( Whitaker et al, 2014 ; Erickson et al, 2017 ), but none take account of a leniency program.…”

Section: Anti-doping Policy and Its Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of the Current Anti-doping Regime – A Quantitative Study Among German Top-Level Cyclists and Track and Field Athletes

et al. 2018

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In recent years anti-doping organizations have implemented various measures to deter elite athletes from using performance-enhancing drugs. One of the main challenges in the fight against doping is that the effectiveness of these anti-doping measures is still unknown. Since the effectiveness of the measures depends primarily on the athletes’ perception, this study focuses on the following four objectives: (1) How effective do top-level athletes perceive individual anti-doping measures to be? (2) Are the results stable across different sports and (3) genders? (4) How can the anti-doping measures be structured into appropriate categories? To address these issues the perceived effectiveness of 14 anti-doping measures was surveyed among 146 top athletes from Germany (Cycling: N = 42; Athletics: N = 104) who are members of at least the National Testing Pool. Results reveal significant differences in the perceived effectiveness of the anti-doping measures. Improved diagnostics were considered to be the most effective remedy for doping, followed by increased bans and the implementation of an anti-doping law. In contrast, fines and a leniency program were considered significantly less effective. Second, with the exception of indirect detection methods and increased use of an Anti-Doping Administration and Management System, results were consistent across cyclists and track and field athletes. Third, no significant gender difference was observed. Finally, an exploratory factor analysis showed that all anti-doping measures can be classified into the three categories risk of detection (e.g., control frequency and efficiency), punishment (e.g., fines and bans) and communication (e.g., education program). The results of this study provide a guideline for future research and for anti-doping and sport organizations when developing strategies against doping and allocating their anti-doping budget.

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“I don't know if I would report them”: Student-athletes' thoughts, feelings and anticipated behaviours on blowing the whistle on doping in sport

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

“The process isn’t a case of report it and stop”: Athletes’ lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport

“The process isn’t a case of report it and stop”: Athletes’ lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport

Whistleblowing against doping in sport: A cross-national study on the effects of motivation and sportspersonship orientations on whistleblowing intentions

Perception of the Current Anti-doping Regime – A Quantitative Study Among German Top-Level Cyclists and Track and Field Athletes

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