<i>Drosophila</i>immunity. A sequence homologous to mammalian interferon consensus response element enhances the activity of the diptericin promoter

Georgel, Philippe; Kappler, Christine; Langley, Emma; Groß, Isabelle; Nicolas, Émmanuelle; Reichhart, Jean‐Marc; Hoffmann, Jules A.

doi:10.1093/nar/23.7.1140

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The presence of potential interferon related regulatory sequences is interesting, particularly given the roles of interferon and translational regulation in viral infection. Further, the interferon consensus response element GAAANN portion of the Thor interferon-related regulatory sequences has been previously identified in the Diptericin promoter and specifically shown to enhance Diptericin-promoter activity (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drosophila Thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity

Bernal

Kimbrell

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

139

123

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Thor has been identified as a new type of gene involved in Drosophila host immune defense. Thor is a member of the 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) family, which in mammals has been defined as critical regulators in a pathway that controls initiation of translation through binding eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Without an infection, Thor is expressed during all developmental stages and transcripts localize to a wide variety of tissues, including the reproductive system. In response to bacterial infection and, to a lesser extent, by wounding, Thor is up-regulated. The Thor promoter has the canonical NF B and associated GATA recognition sequences that have been shown to be essential for immune induction, as well as other sequences commonly found for Drosophila immune response genes, including interferon-related regulatory sequences. In survival tests, Thor mutants show symptoms of being immune compromised, indicating that Thor may be critical in host defense. In contrast to Thor, Drosophila eIF4E is not induced by bacterial infection. These findings for Thor provide the first evidence that a 4E-BP family member has a role in immune induction in any organism. Further, no gene in the translation initiation pathway that includes 4E-BP has been previously found to be immune induced. Our results suggest either a role for translational regulation in humoral immunity or a new, nontranslational function for 4E-BP type genes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drosophila Thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity

Bernal

Kimbrell

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

139

123

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“…Previous reports on Mytilus hemocytes indicated that extremely high (10 6 U ml -1 ) concentrations of IFNc were ineffective in eliciting immune responses such as cell shape changes and bacterial clumping (Hughes et al, 1990;Ottaviani et al, 1993); such a lack of effects was ascribed to the extreme species specificity of IFNc in mammalian systems. However, nucleotide sequences homologous to mammalian interferon consensus response elements have been subsequently described in insect immune responsive tissues (Georgel et al, 1995;Ochiai and Ashida, 1999); moreover, six interferon response halfmotifs (GAAA) have been recently identified in the promoter region of the metallothionein gene of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam (Dondero, F. and Viarengo A., NCBI-Accession number AF308730). Specific binding sites for human IFNc have been characterised in protocerebrum and hemolymph of insect larvae (Parker and Ourth, 2000); broad receptor crossreactivity could be due to interactions between the basic amino acid clusters present in the IFNc C-terminal sequence with heparan sulphate membrane proteoglycans which would act as co-receptors, as well as to the presence of numerous basic and acidic motifs interspersed in the sequence of the IFNc molecule which can be recognised by other interleukin or growth factor receptors (Sadir et al 1998;Parker and Ourth, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosine kinase‐mediated cell signalling in the activation of Mytilus hemocytes: possible role of STAT‐like proteins

Canesi

Betti

Ciacci

et al. 2003

Biology of the Cell

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In bivalve molluscs, cell-mediated immunity is carried out by circulating hemocytes, resembling the monocyte/macrophage lineage of vertebrates, that can kill the microbes through phagocytosis and various cytotoxic reactions. Previous data demonstrated that activation of MAPKs (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases) is involved in the response of mussel hemocytes (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) to bacterial challenge. In this work, the possibility that modulation of components of tyrosine kinase-mediated cell signalling may participate in the activation of mussel hemocytes was investigated. Cell pre-treatment with the macrophage activator IFNc significantly increased the bactericidal activity of mussel hemocytes towards E. coli. Human recombinant IFNc stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of different members of STAT-like proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription), as evaluated by Western blotting of hemocyte protein extracts with specific anti-phospho-STAT antibodies. A similar increase in phosphorylation of immunoreactive STATs was observed in hemocytes incubated with E. coli, this indicating that tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-like members represents a physiological step in hemocyte activation. IFNc lead to persistent phosphorylation of immunoreactive STAT1, a transcription factor that plays a critical role in innate immunity towards Gram negative bacteria in mammalian systems; moreover, hemocyte pretreatment with IFNc significantly increased bacteria-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, whereas IFNa did not. IFNc also transiently affected the phosphorylation state of different MAPKs. The extent and time course of MAPK phosphorylation induced by IFNc were distinct from those elicited by either IFNa or bacterial challenge. Overall, the results indicate that the hemocyte function can be modulated by heterologous cytokines and bacterial signals that act in concert through tyrosine kinase-mediated transduction pathways converging on STAT-and MAPK-like members.

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“…A sequence with similarity to the mammalian IFN response element has been shown to positively regulate the promoter of the Drosophila gene for the antibacterial peptide diptericin (Georgel et al, 1995). Additionally, when larvae containing a transgene of the antifungal peptide drosomycin promoter fused to green fluorescnet protein were exposed to a concentrated fungal solution, green fluorescent protein expression was induced in the salivary gland and other tissues (Ferrandon et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WRS-85D: A Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase Expressed to High Levels in the DevelopingDrosophilaSalivary Gland

Seshaiah

Andrew

1999

MBoC

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In a screen for genes expressed in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland, we identified a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene that maps to cytological position 85D (WRS-85D). WRS-85D expression is dependent on the homeotic gene Sex combs reduced (Scr). In the absence of Scr function, WRS-85D expression is lost in the salivary gland primordia; conversely, ectopic expression of Scr results in expression of WRS-85D in new locations. Despite the fact that WRS-85D is a housekeeping gene essential for protein synthesis, we detected both WRS-85D mRNA and protein at elevated levels in the developing salivary gland. WRS-85D is required for embryonic survival; embryos lacking the maternal contribution were unrecoverable, whereas larvae lacking the zygotic component died during the third instar larval stage. We showed that recombinant WRS-85D protein specifically charges tRNA Trp , and WRS-85D is likely to be the only tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene in Drosophila. We characterized the expression patterns of all 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and found that of the four aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes expressed at elevated levels in the salivary gland primordia, WRS-85D is expressed at the highest level throughout embryogenesis. We also discuss the potential noncanonical activities of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in immune response and regulation of cell growth.

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Drosophilaimmunity. A sequence homologous to mammalian interferon consensus response element enhances the activity of the diptericin promoter

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 48 publications

References 28 publications

Drosophila Thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity

Drosophila Thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity

Tyrosine kinase‐mediated cell signalling in the activation of Mytilus hemocytes: possible role of STAT‐like proteins

WRS-85D: A Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase Expressed to High Levels in the DevelopingDrosophilaSalivary Gland

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