<i>E Pluribus Unum</i>: Diversity and Community in the Twenty‐first Century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture

Putnam, Robert D.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x

Cited by 3,588 publications

(3,533 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Both strategies have been used in those, relatively few, studies that do not disregard members of minority groups altogether. Some of these studies report a weaker (Putnam, 2007;Stolle et al, 2008; similarly an earlier analysis of the data used in this paper, see Koopmans and Schaeffer, 2016), others no significant relation between diversity and social cohesion measures among minority members (Bakker & Dekker, 2012;Fieldhouse & Cutts, 2010). But while such analyses acknowledge the possibility of effect heterogeneity between majority and minority respondents, they still disregard another ambiguity of diversity indices.…”

Section: In-group Share and Relational Out-group Entropy Or Why Intesupporting

confidence: 47%

Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety, balance and in-group size

Koopmans

Schaeffer

2015

Social Science Research

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Ethnic diversity is typically measured by the well-known Hirschman-Herfindahl Index. This paper discusses the merits of an alternative approach, which is in our view better suited to tease out why and how ethnic diversity matters. The approach consists of two elements. First, all existing diversity indices are nonrelational. From the viewpoint of theoretical accounts that attribute negative diversity effects to in-group favoritism and out-group threat, it should however matter whether, given a certain level of overall diversity, an individual belongs to a minority group or to the dominant majority. We therefore decompose diversity by distinguishing the in-group share from the diversity of ethnic out-groups. Second, we show how generalized entropy measures can be used to test which of diversity's two basic dimensions matters most: the variety of groups, or the unequal distribution (balance) of the population over groups. These measures allow us to test different theoretical explanations against each other, because they imply different expectations regarding the effects of in-group size, out-group variety, and balance. We apply these ideas in an analysis of various social cohesion measures across 55 German localities and show that both in-group size and out-group diversity matter. For the native majority as well as for persons of immigration background, the variety component of diversity seems to be more decisive than has formerly been acknowledged. These findings provide little support for group threat and in-group favoritism as the decisive mechanisms behind negative diversity effects, and are most in line with the predictions of theories that emphasize coordination problems, asymmetric preferences, and network closure.

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Section: In-group Share and Relational Out-group Entropy Or Why Intesupporting

confidence: 47%

Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety, balance and in-group size

Koopmans

Schaeffer

2015

Social Science Research

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“…It allows us to visualize social relationships and determine who interacts with whom. This is important because these networks of communication either enhance or impede social capital [29,36,37]. We found that trainees do not typically discuss information around breastfeeding, and if they were to do that, they would not only reach out to medical professionals with assumed evidence-based knowledge (e.g., attending pediatrician or attending gynecologist).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study on breastfeeding education in Lebanon’s public medical school: exploring the potential role of social networks in medical education

Moukarzel

Mamas

Warstadt

et al. 2018

Medical Education Online

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Background: Limited knowledge, negative beliefs, and lack of sufficient breastfeeding promotion and support by physicians contribute to global suboptimal breastfeeding rates. Formal medical education is well-known to influence future physicians’ knowledge, beliefs, and medical practice. However, less understood is the influence of social networks and processes on the exchange and diffusion of knowledge and practices related to breastfeeding. Objectives: We selected the underserved and under-supported public medical school in Lebanon to examine the social side of medical education. Our objectives were to assess knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy related to breastfeeding promotion and support among interns and residents. We also examined the social ecosystem surrounding these students concerning the exchange of breastfeeding knowledge. Design: All data were collected during one study visit per participant. First, an interview-administered structured survey was used to assess beliefs, perceived knowledge, basic breastfeeding knowledge, and self-efficacy related to breastfeeding among n = 70 medical interns and residents. Then, social network data were collected during a semi-structured interview and analyzed using an ego-network approach. All interviews were voice-recorded, transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative survey and social network results. Results: Although interns and residents had positive beliefs about breastfeeding benefits, they had limited knowledge and low self-efficacy related to the psychosocial and clinical aspects of breastfeeding promotion and support. They did not seem to have a well-connected professional network around breastfeeding knowledge and practices. Several tended to rely on their informal/non-professional network, such as their mothers, partners, and sisters, for knowledge and practice. Conclusions: Our work using breastfeeding as an exemplary case suggests there is a role for better attending to the beliefs of medical students as well as to the social side of medical education. Future studies can use social network theory to help identify and address influences on medical education outcomes.

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“…For example, the presence of street trees might be hypothesized to encourage physical activity by providing shade in the summer; however, we found that the association between street trees and physical activity tended to be stronger in the cooler months, calling this hypothesis into question. Likewise, bias due to self-selection may be particularly strong among adults and advantaged social groups who have greater power to match their environment to their preferences; 60 associations that persist within situations of constrained residential choice may increase our confidence in causal inference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Environment Near Home and School Associated with Physical Activity and Adiposity of Urban Preschool Children?

et al. 2011

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Preventing sedentary behavior and adiposity in childhood has become a public health priority. We examined urban social and built environment characteristics as correlates of physical activity and anthropometry among 428 preschool children from low-income families in New York City. We measured the children's height, weight, skinfold thicknesses, physical activity by accelerometer, and covariates. We geocoded home and Head Start center addresses and estimated the following for an area within 0.5 km of those two locations using a detailed geographic database: neighborhood composition, walkability, crime and traffic safety, and aesthetic characteristics. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations of area characteristics with physical activity or adiposity, adjusted for characteristics of the child, mother, and home. Participants were 2-5 years old, 53% female, 83% Hispanic, and 43% either overweight or obese. Of the walkability indicators, land use mix was associated with physical activity (26 more activity counts/minute per standard deviation increase in mixed land use, p=0.015) and subway stop density was associated with adiposity (1.2 mm smaller sums of skinfold thicknesses sum per standard deviation increase in subway stop density, p=0.001). The pedestrian-auto injury rate, an indicator of traffic safety problems, was associated with physical activity and adiposity (16 fewer activity counts/minute, p=0.033, and 1.0 mm greater skinfold thickness per standard deviation increase in pedestrian-auto injuries, p=0.018). Children living in areas with more street trees were more physically active and those living in areas with more park access had smaller skinfolds. However, many of the tested associations were not statistically significant and some trends were not in the hypothesized direction. Efforts to enhance walkability, safety, and green spaces in the local environment may be relevant to physical activity and adiposity, and therefore to the health of preschool-aged children from low-income families.

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E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty‐first Century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture

Cited by 3,588 publications

References 118 publications

Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety, balance and in-group size

Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety, balance and in-group size

A case study on breastfeeding education in Lebanon’s public medical school: exploring the potential role of social networks in medical education

Is the Environment Near Home and School Associated with Physical Activity and Adiposity of Urban Preschool Children?

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