early in short days 4, a mutation inArabidopsisthat causes early flowering and reduces the mRNA abundance of the floral repressorFLC

Reeves, Paul H.; Murtas, Giovanni; Dash, Sudhansu; Coupland, George

doi:10.1242/dev.00113

Cited by 97 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…Transgenic esd4-1 mutants carrying 3C12 or 1E13 flowered at a similar time to the wild type and showed none of the pleiotropic phenotypes of esd4-1 (Figure 1) (Reeves et al, 2002). The region of overlap between 3C12 and 1E13 was predicted to encode at least two genes (At4g15870 and At4g15880; Figure 1A).…”

Section: Isolation Of Esd4 Suggests That It Encodes a Sumo-specific Pmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Previously, esd4-1 (Landsberg erecta [L er ]) was located to a 2-centimorgan interval on chromosome 4 between markers 326 and SC5 (Reeves et al, 2002). To increase the resolution of the esd4 map position, an additional 691 esd4-like F2 plants were screened with these markers, and ESD4 was located to a 35-kb region ( Figure 1A; see Methods) (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000).…”

Section: Isolation Of Esd4 Suggests That It Encodes a Sumo-specific Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, we showed that the early flowering of esd4 is attributable to the decreased abundance of the mRNA of the MADS box transcription factor Flowering Locus C (FLC), which is a potent repressor of flowering, as well as to an FLC-independent mechanism (Reeves et al, 2002). In addition, the esd4 mutation has other effects on plant development, including broadening of the silique, alterations in phyllotaxy, and a reduction in stature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Nuclear Protease Required for Flowering-Time Regulation in Arabidopsis Reduces the Abundance of SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER Conjugates

Murtas

Reeves

et al. 2003

THE PLANT CELL ONLINE

201

267

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The Arabidopsis mutant early in short days4 ( esd4 ) shows extreme early flowering and alterations in shoot development. We have identified ESD4 and demonstrate that it encodes a nuclear protein located predominantly at the periphery of the nucleus. ESD4 contains a segment of Ͼ 200 amino acids with strong similarity to yeast and animal proteases that are specific for the protein modifier SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO). ESD4 shows a similar function to these proteases in vitro and processes the precursor of Arabidopsis SUMO (AtSUMO) to generate the mature form. This activity of ESD4 is prevented by mutations that affect the predicted active site of the protease or the cleavage site of the AtSUMO precursor. In yeast, these proteases also recycle SUMO from conjugates, and this appears to be the major role of ESD4 in vivo. This is suggested because esd4 mutants contain less free AtSUMO and more SUMO conjugates than wild-type plants, and a transgene expressing mature SUMO at high levels enhanced aspects of the esd4 phenotype. ESD4 defines an important role for protein modification by AtSUMO in the regulation of flowering.

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Section: Isolation Of Esd4 Suggests That It Encodes a Sumo-specific Pmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Isolation Of Esd4 Suggests That It Encodes a Sumo-specific Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Nuclear Protease Required for Flowering-Time Regulation in Arabidopsis Reduces the Abundance of SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER Conjugates

Murtas

Reeves

et al. 2003

THE PLANT CELL ONLINE

201

267

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“…Furthermore, null alleles of flc completely suppress the late flowering caused by autonomous pathway mutations and active FRI alleles but have no effect on the delayed flowering in photoperiod pathway mutants ). Recently, it was shown that two other floral repressors, EARLY IN SHORT DAYS4 ( ESD4 ) and VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE4 ( VIP4 ), also act to maintain FLC levels (Reeves et al, 2002;Zhang and van Nocker, 2002). Therefore, FLC expression appears to be supported by genes such as FRI , VIP4 , and ESD4 and is repressed strongly by floral activators within the autonomous pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the ArabidopsisMADS AFFECTING FLOWERINGGene Family:MAF2Prevents Vernalization by Short Periods of Cold [W]

et al. 2003

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The Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) gene is a key floral repressor in the maintenance of a vernalization response. In vernalization-sensitive genetic backgrounds, FLC levels are high, and they decline after exposure to long cold periods. Four FLC paralogs ( MAF2 [ MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING2 ] to MAF5 ) are arranged in a tandem array on the bottom of Arabidopsis chromosome V. We used a reverse genetics approach to analyze their functions. Loss-of-function and gainof-function studies indicate that MAF2 acts as a floral repressor. In particular, maf2 mutant plants display a pronounced vernalization response when subjected to relatively short cold periods, which are insufficient to elicit a strong flowering response in the wild type, despite producing a large reduction in FLC levels. MAF2 expression is less sensitive to vernalization than that of FLC , and its repressor activity is exerted independently or downstream of FLC transcription. Thus, MAF2 can prevent premature vernalization in response to brief cold spells. Overexpression of MAF3 or MAF4 produces alterations in flowering time that suggest that these genes also act as floral repressors and might contribute to the maintenance of a vernalization requirement. However, the final gene in the cluster, MAF5 , is upregulated by vernalization. Therefore, MAF5 could play an opposite role to FLC in the vernalization response.

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“…In transgenic A. thaliana plants, overexpression of SUMO1/2 caused increased global SUMOylation levels, attenuated the abscisic acid-mediated growth inhibition, and induced the expression of abscisic acid and stress-responsive genes, such as RD29A (Lois et al 2003). Dominant-negative A. thaliana mutants of the SUMOconjugating enzyme ESD4 yield plants that are smaller and show delayed flowering (Reeves et al 2002;Murtas et al 2003). A mutation in a putative SUMOylation attachment site of long after far red light 1 (LAF1), a transcriptional activator for phytochrome A signaling, alters LAF1 accumulation in the nucleus (Ballesteros et al 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-Conjugating System ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii

Wang¹,

Ladunga²,

Miller

et al. 2008

Genetics

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The availability of the complete DNA sequence of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome and advanced computational biology tools has allowed elucidation and study of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system in this unicellular photosynthetic alga and model eukaryotic cell system. SUMO is a member of a ubiquitin-like protein superfamily that is covalently attached to target proteins as a post-translational modification to alter the localization, stability, and/or function of the target protein in response to changes in the cellular environment. Three SUMO homologs (CrSUMO96, CrSUMO97, and CrSUMO148) and three novel SUMO-related proteins (CrSUMO-like89A, CrSUMO-like89B, and CrSUMO-like90) were found by diverse gene predictions, hidden Markov models, and database search tools inferring from Homo sapiens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Arabidopsis thaliana SUMOs. Among them, CrSUMO96, which can be recognized by the A. thaliana anti-SUMO1 antibody, was studied in detail. Free CrSUMO96 was purified by immunoprecipitation and identified by mass spectrometry analysis. A SUMO-conjugating enzyme (SCE) (E2, Ubc9) in C. reinhardtii was shown to be functional in an Escherichia coli-based in vivo chimeric SUMOylation system. Antibodies to CrSUMO96 recognized free and conjugated forms of CrSUMO96 in Western blot analysis of whole-cell extracts and nuclear localized SUMOylated proteins with in situ immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis showed a marked increase in SUMO conjugated proteins when the cells were subjected to environmental stresses, such as heat shock and osmotic stress. Related analyses revealed multiple potential ubiquitin genes along with two Rub1 genes and one Ufm1 gene in the C. reinhardtii genome.

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early in short days 4, a mutation inArabidopsisthat causes early flowering and reduces the mRNA abundance of the floral repressorFLC

Abstract: SUMMARYearly in short days 4, a mutation in Arabidopsis that causes early flowering and reduces the mRNA abundance of the floral repressor FLC

Cited by 97 publications

References 70 publications

A Nuclear Protease Required for Flowering-Time Regulation in Arabidopsis Reduces the Abundance of SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER Conjugates

A Nuclear Protease Required for Flowering-Time Regulation in Arabidopsis Reduces the Abundance of SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER Conjugates

Analysis of the ArabidopsisMADS AFFECTING FLOWERINGGene Family:MAF2Prevents Vernalization by Short Periods of Cold [W]

The Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-Conjugating System ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii

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