<i>eCAM</i>: Darwin and Metchnikoff

Cooper, Edwin L.

doi:10.1093/ecam/nep194

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The earliest method of sampling, phagocytosis, was observed by Metchnikoff over 100 years ago in sea urchins; he logically named macrophages ‘big eaters’ [79]. Eating/engulfing is a primordial function in animals, with macrophage-like cells being found throughout the animal kingdom.…”

Section: Part 2: the ‘Ship’ Functions Of Macrophages: Sample Heal Imentioning

confidence: 99%

M1 and M2 Macrophages: The Chicken and the Egg of Immunity

Mills¹,

2014

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The purpose of this perspective is to describe a critical advance in understanding how immune responses work. Macrophages are required for all animal life: ‘Inhibit' type macrophages in all animals (called M1) can rapidly kill pathogens, and are thus the primary host defense, and ‘Heal' type macrophages (M2) routinely repair and maintain tissue integrity. Macrophages perform these activities in all animals without T cells, and also in T cell-deficient vertebrates. Although adaptive immunity can amplify macrophage polarization, the long-held notion that macrophages need to be ‘activated' or ‘alternatively activated' by T cells is incorrect; indeed, immunology has had it backward. M1/M2-type macrophages necessarily direct T cells toward Th1- or Th2-like activities, respectively. That such macrophage-innate activities are the central directing element in immune responses is a dramatic change in understanding how immune systems operate. Most important, this revelation is opening up whole new approaches to immunotherapy. For example, many modern diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, may not display ‘foreign' antigens. However, there are clear imbalances in M1/M2-type responses. Correcting such innate imbalances can result in better health. Macrophages are the chicken and the egg of immunity.

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Section: Part 2: the ‘Ship’ Functions Of Macrophages: Sample Heal Imentioning

confidence: 99%

M1 and M2 Macrophages: The Chicken and the Egg of Immunity

Mills¹,

2014

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“…The earliest in vivo SHIP function observed in macrophages was their ability to “sample” by ingesting items in their surroundings ( 5 , 6 ). Through sampling, macrophages routinely receive “self” signals that instruct them to repair or replace lost or effete cells and intercellular matrices.…”

Section: Basic Macrophage Functions In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophage: SHIP of Immunity

Mills¹,

Thomas

Lenz

et al. 2014

Front. Immunol.

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“…Altogether, these observations may explain the relative failure of unmanipulated anti-tumor CD8 ϩ T cells, present in the circulation of tumor-bearing individuals, to fight established macroscopic tumors [75,76] and question the ability of the acquired immune system to control tumors. This issue is indeed challenged further by the observation that colonial provertebrate organisms, which are naturally devoid of elements of the acquired immune system, are no more prone to cancers than higher vertebrates [77] and that Rag-1-deficient mice that are devoid of functional B and T lymphocytes and NK T cells but exhibit a functional innate immune system do not show a higher frequency of spontaneous tumors than fully immunocompetent mice [78,79].…”

Section: Ido and Cancer: Inhibiting Or Favoring Tumor Growth?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implication of indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase in the tolerance toward fetuses, tumors, and allografts

Dürr

Kindler

2013

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Mammalian IDO is a heme-containing enzyme whose main activity in mammals is to degrade the essential amino acid tryp into l-kynurenine. Although the link between its enzymatic activity and the immune response is not straightforward, several lines of evidence suggest that this enzyme is involved in fighting infections and paradoxically, also in the establishment of the immune tolerance associated with fetus implantation and with the development of oncogenic processes. IDO is associated with the successful development of the fetus. It participates early in pregnancy to the efficient invasion of the uterine mucosa by the nascent trophoblast and remains active throughout the whole process, as illustrated by the decrease in systemic tryp from the second trimester of gestation and the return to normal values after delivery. The short-term activation of IDO in response to invading pathogens and emerging tumors participates in the elimination of these threats, whereas the sustained activation of IDO often results in a state of immune tolerance that may favor chronic infections and the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells. However, despite these potential deleterious effects of IDO, the enzyme is instrumental in maintaining the peripheral tolerance that is required to avoid autoimmune diseases. Below, we review the implication of IDO activation upon the physiological development of the fetus and the pathological development of tumors and discuss whether such an enzyme could be used as a therapeutic tool to decrease the rate of allograft rejections via its potent immunomodulatory properties.

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eCAM: Darwin and Metchnikoff

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

M1 and M2 Macrophages: The Chicken and the Egg of Immunity

M1 and M2 Macrophages: The Chicken and the Egg of Immunity

Macrophage: SHIP of Immunity

Implication of indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase in the tolerance toward fetuses, tumors, and allografts

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