Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 signalling in macrophages

Abstract

Abstract

Immunomodulatory effects of hydatid antigens on mesenchymal stem cells: gene expression alterations and functional consequences

“…Neutrophils exhibit anti-parasitic effects through phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular trapping networks (NETs) ( Díaz-Godínez and Carrero, 2019 ; Omar and Abdelal, 2023 ). Similarly, macrophages may hinder parasite survival through phagocytosis, NO production, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release ( Silva-Álvarez et al, 2016 ; Lin et al, 2021 ). Therefore, the downregulation of chemokine expression in MSCs induced by parasite antigens may facilitate the innate immune evasion of parasites.…”

Characterisation of extracellular vesicles isolated from hydatid cyst fluid and evaluation of immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes

“…In addition, the cytokine levels of IL‐10 were significantly increased in the cell culture supernatant after 24 h. From the traditional point of view, excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) of helminths can shift immune responses from Th1 toward Th2 64–66 . Recently, Lin et al 67 showed that HCF attenuates inflammatory responses in macrophage cell lines (both mice [peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells] and human [THP‐1] macrophages), which supports our findings. In a study by Pan et al, 68 the effects of ESPs derived from E. granulosus protoscoleces on the differentiation of CD19 + B cells, which were isolated from the spleen of normal or infected C57BL/6 or TLR‐2−/− mice, were investigated and suggested that these ESPs can modulate immune responses via stimulating B cells to generate B10 cells with higher levels of IL‐10.…”

Ghrelin regulating liver activity and its potential effects on liver fibrosis and Echinococcosis

“…Previous studies have suggested that innate immune pathways such as inflammatory vesicles and Toll-like receptor activation, and hepatocyte apoptosis are the host’s primary line of defense against the progression of liver Echinococcosis infection ( Vuitton, 2003 ; Inclan-Rico and Siracusa, 2018 ; Bakhtiar et al., 2020 ). Recently, more and more studies have found that growth metabolic pathways are activated during the process of liver Echinococcosis infection and interact with the immune-inflammation and fibrosis pathways to jointly regulate the outcome of the disease ( Seoane et al., 2016 ; Cheng et al., 2017 ; Liu et al., 2017 ; Yin et al., 2018 ; Wang et al., 2019 ; Lin et al., 2021 ; Yang et al., 2022 ). However, to date, few studies have addressed the various outcomes following interventions in growth metabolic pathways during the progression of liver Echinococcosis .…”

“…In addition, clinical studies have also pointed out that effective anti-infective treatment of Echinococcosis is positively correlated with maintaining a high response of Th1 type cellular immunity, while ineffective anti-infective treatment is more closely related to maintaining a high response of Th2 type cellular immunity ( Siracusano et al., 2012 ; Gottstein et al., 2017 ). In addition, studies have shown that the NF- κB inflammatory signaling pathway ( Tilioua et al., 2020 ; Lin et al., 2021 ) and the TGF-β1/Smad3 fibrosis signaling pathway ( Wu et al., 2004 ; Banas et al., 2007 ; Liu et al., 2016 ; Tian et al., 2020 ) play a key role in regulating the immune-inflammation and fibrosis state of the host infected by Echinococcosis . Inhibition of these pathways could attenuate the host’s protective immune response and promote the disease progression of liver Echinococcosis infection.…”

“…Studies have found that Ghrelin has anti-inflammatory effects that inhibit Th1 and Th17 immune responses and promote Th2 and Tregs T cell immunity ( Dixit et al., 2004 ; Symonds et al., 2009 ; Stevanovic et al., 2012 ; Paoluzi et al., 2013 ; Xu et al., 2015 ). Current studies show that in the early and progressive stages of echinococcal infection, the JAK/STAT ( Liu et al., 2017 ; Yang et al., 2022 ), MEK/ERK1/2 ( Cheng et al., 2017 ; Lin et al., 2021 ) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR ( Covarrubias et al., 2015 ; Seoane et al., 2016 ; Yin et al., 2018 ; Wang et al., 2019 ; Yang et al., 2022 ) signaling pathways are upregulated and may be involved in regulating the parasitism and survival of Echinococcosis . High expression of Ghrelin could significantly upregulate the MEK/ERK1/2 ( Moreno et al., 2010 ; Kotta et al., 2022 ) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR ( Zhu et al., 2018 ; Petrescu et al., 2020 ; Zhang and Xie, 2020 ) signaling pathways, and inhibit NF-κB ( Zhou and Xue, 2009 ; Barazzoni et al., 2014 ; Mao et al., 2015b ; Mao et al., 2015a ) and TGF-β1/Smad3 ( Mao et al., 2015b ; Ezquerro et al., 2023 ) signaling pathways through interaction, significantly reducing the proinflammatory factors secreted by Th1-type cellular immunity, inhibiting the proliferation and activation of HSCs to restore the dynamic balance of MMP2 and TIMP1 and decrease the secretion of fibrotic cytokines α-SMA, collagen I and III, playing a role in reducing chronic inflammation and fibrosis formation in the liver.…”