“… [ 144 , 147 ] Slow startup and lag phase MFCs often require a startup period for exoelectrogens or microbial colonization and biofilm formation, leading to a delay in power generation as low cell density is inefficient for electron transfer. [ 148 ] Figure 11. Schematic design of microchannel for membrane-less microfluidic microbial fuel cell: (a) top view and (b) cross-sectional view [ 98 ].…”
“…Due to the nature of the laminar flow, the mixing of both streams is mainly restricted to a narrow interface and defined as diffusion across the mutual liquid–liquid interface between the two streams transverse to the direction flow. The liquid–liquid interface between the two streams in the laminar flow-based µMFC offers certain advantages over static membrane µMFC, including (1) promotes convective transport over diffusive transport so anolyte crossover can be eliminated as the amount of diffusion transverse to the direction of flow can be regulated with high precision by alteration of the anolyte and catholyte flow rate; (2) eliminating the water management issue caused by the separation membrane as it has to be hydrated all times to facilitate the transport of subatomic atoms; (3) can operate at elevated temperatures which enhances the bioelectrochemical reaction due to promote the microbial kinetics [ 148 ].…”
The imminent need for transition to a circular biorefinery using microbial fuel cells (MFC), based on the valorization of renewable resources, will ameliorate the carbon footprint induced by industrialization. MFC catalyzed by bioelectrochemical process drew significant attention initially for its exceptional potential for integrated production of biochemicals and bioenergy. Nonetheless, the associated costly bioproduct production and slow microbial kinetics have constrained its commercialization. This review encompasses the potential and development of macroalgal biomass as a substrate in the MFC system for L-lactic acid (L-LA) and bioelectricity generation. Besides, an insight into the state-of-the-art technological advancement in the MFC system is also deliberated in detail. Investigations in recent years have shown that MFC developed with different anolyte enhances power density from several µW/m
2
up to 8160 mW/m
2
. Further, this review provides a plausible picture of macroalgal-based L-LA and bioelectricity circular biorefinery in the MFC system for future research directions.
“… [ 144 , 147 ] Slow startup and lag phase MFCs often require a startup period for exoelectrogens or microbial colonization and biofilm formation, leading to a delay in power generation as low cell density is inefficient for electron transfer. [ 148 ] Figure 11. Schematic design of microchannel for membrane-less microfluidic microbial fuel cell: (a) top view and (b) cross-sectional view [ 98 ].…”
“…Due to the nature of the laminar flow, the mixing of both streams is mainly restricted to a narrow interface and defined as diffusion across the mutual liquid–liquid interface between the two streams transverse to the direction flow. The liquid–liquid interface between the two streams in the laminar flow-based µMFC offers certain advantages over static membrane µMFC, including (1) promotes convective transport over diffusive transport so anolyte crossover can be eliminated as the amount of diffusion transverse to the direction of flow can be regulated with high precision by alteration of the anolyte and catholyte flow rate; (2) eliminating the water management issue caused by the separation membrane as it has to be hydrated all times to facilitate the transport of subatomic atoms; (3) can operate at elevated temperatures which enhances the bioelectrochemical reaction due to promote the microbial kinetics [ 148 ].…”
The imminent need for transition to a circular biorefinery using microbial fuel cells (MFC), based on the valorization of renewable resources, will ameliorate the carbon footprint induced by industrialization. MFC catalyzed by bioelectrochemical process drew significant attention initially for its exceptional potential for integrated production of biochemicals and bioenergy. Nonetheless, the associated costly bioproduct production and slow microbial kinetics have constrained its commercialization. This review encompasses the potential and development of macroalgal biomass as a substrate in the MFC system for L-lactic acid (L-LA) and bioelectricity generation. Besides, an insight into the state-of-the-art technological advancement in the MFC system is also deliberated in detail. Investigations in recent years have shown that MFC developed with different anolyte enhances power density from several µW/m
2
up to 8160 mW/m
2
. Further, this review provides a plausible picture of macroalgal-based L-LA and bioelectricity circular biorefinery in the MFC system for future research directions.
“…7 In a paper-based co-laminar flow MFC, the amount of biocatalyst microorganisms that exhibit optimal performance has been studied. 8 The power density was markedly improved by using a nickel nanostructured electrode as an anode. 9 Optimal electrode placement and the prevention of oxygen intrusion were proposed to ensure that the membrane-less MFC can operate stably for a long time.…”
Co-laminar flow microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with flow-through electrodes are proposed to improve the power density. Carbon paper was used for the porous electrodes and the membrane-less MFCs containing a microscale (5.4 μL) anode chamber were microfabricated in a planar monolithic cell for integration with microfluidic devices. The diffusion region between the electrolytes was numerically analyzed and fuel cell performance experiments were conducted with a wastewater inoculum-based mixed culture biofilm. The effects of the electrolyte flow rate (1-30 μL min −1 ) and electrode width (0.5-2.0 mm) on the fuel cell performance were investigated. The power density was maximized at 692 ± 34 W m −3 under optimal conditions including a 10 μL min −1 flow rate and 1.5 mm electrode width, resulting in suitable biofilm formation and low internal resistance. This study provides valuable information for the commercialization of microfluidic MFCs as a power source for portable medical and electronic instruments.
“…Several techniques were used to fabricate portable miniaturized microfluidic devices, such as photolithography, soft-lithography [20], paper-based [21,22], xurography [23] and laser micromachining [24,25]. Despite their uniqueness and benefits, the development and implementtation of microfluidic fuel cells have not been utilized for portable electronic applications until now.…”
The development of microfluidic and nanofluidic devices is gaining remarkable attention due to the emphasis put on miniaturization of conventional energy conversion and storage processes. A microfluidic fuel cell can integrate flow of electrolytes, electrode-electrolyte interactions, and power generation in a microfluidic channel. Such microfluidic fuel cells can be categorized on the basis of electrolytes and catalysts used for power generation. In this work, for the first time, a single microfluidic fuel cell was harnessed by using different fuels like glucose, microbes and formic acid. Herein, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) acted as electrode material, and performance investigations were carried out separately on the same microfluidic device for three different types of fuel cells (formic acid, microbial and enzymatic). The fabricated miniaturized microfluidic device was successfully used to harvest energy in microwatts from formic acid, microbes and glucose, without any metallic catalyst. The developed microfluidic fuel cells can maintain stable open-circuit voltage, which can be used for energizing various low-power portable devices or applications.
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