Eupatorium makinoi suppresses toll-like receptor signaling pathways

Ling-Zhi-8 (LZ-8), a 13-kDa protein from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, exerts various beneficial functions in mammalian cells. Using murine BV-2 microglial cells, the objective of this study was to determine how LZ-8 modulates the production of proinflammatory mediators. Incubation of cells with LZ-8 (up to 10 µg/ml) had no negative effect on cell proliferation. LZ-8 significantly reduced the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E 2 and interleukin-6 up to 31%, 39% and 58%, respectively (p < .05). LZ-8 down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by 69% and 37%, and also suppressed translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) into the nucleus and reduced gene expression of phosphorylated NF-κB inhibitor and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4). In conclusion, LZ-8 reduced TLR-4-mediated NF-κB translocation into nucleus resulting in the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator expression and production in microglial cells. ARTICLE HISTORY

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ling-Zhi-8 protein (LZ-8) suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in murine microglial BV-2 cells

Chen

Lin

Huang

et al. 2017

“…Toxicity of EPA would not be a cause of any observed changes in experiments under a concentration of 50 μM, therefore, all subsequent experiments utilized 30 μM EPA. TLR signaling pathways can trigger the activation of NF-κB, which induces the activation of target genes involved in inflammation (Ahn, Kim, Hong, Gu, Shin, Paek et al 2016;Hacker & Karin, 2006). Therefore, NF-κB activation induced by several TLR agonists was used as the readout for the activation of TLRs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential modulation of toll-like receptor agonists-induced iNOS expression by polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids

Shin

Shim

Kim

et al. 2017

Self Cite

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in the induction of immune and inflammatory responses by recognizing invading microbial pathogens. One of the most important proteins for inflammatory responses is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The dysregulated iNOS activation play important roles in the development of certain inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the effects of arachidic acid (ACA), which is a saturated fatty acid (SFA), and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), which is polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), on inflammation by modulating NF-κB activation and iNOS expression induced by TLRs agonists in murine macrophages. EPA suppressed NF-κB activation and iNOS expression induced by a lipopolysaccharide, macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2-kDa, and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, but ACA did not. These results suggested that EPA can modulate TLR signaling pathways and subsequent chronic inflammatory responses, but ACA did not mediate these effects. All the results suggest that EPA is a promising novel agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

“…Epithelial cells are a major interaction site between the host and the environment and they are involved in the regulation of innate mucosal immunity through different pathways, including specific receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (Ahn et al, 2016;Maldonada-Contreras & McCormick, 2011). TLRs have been shown to play an essential role in host immune defense.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor 2-mediated induction of avian β -defensin 9 by Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its cellular components in chicken intestinal epithelial cells

Jia

Wei

Hong

et al. 2019

This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus MLGA and its cell wall components on the induction of avian β-defensin 9 (AvBD9) expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from chicken embryos and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Chicken IECs were stimulated with L. rhamnosus MLGA or cell wall components. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to determine the expressions of target genes. L. rhamnosus MLGA and its cellular components significantly induced AvBD9 and TLR2 expression, with the whole peptidoglycan (WPG) being the most potent inducer. Pretreatment of chicken IECs with a TLR2 neutralizing antibody diminished AvBD9 induction by L. rhamnosus MLGA and WPG. The inhibition tests showed that induction of AvBD9 in IECs by L. rhamnosus MLGA and WPG was dependent on NF-κB or JNK pathways. These results demonstrate that L. rhamnosus MLGA and WPG induce AvBD9 expression in chicken IECs via a TLR2-mediated NF-κB/JNK pathway.