Ex situconservation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata(Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinereaL.), a review

McIlwrick, Ken; Wetzel, Suzanne; Beardmore, Tannis; Forbes, Kathleen

doi:10.5558/tfc76765-5

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Plant breeders will find the markers described here useful because they need to know if trees are hybrids. Trees that appear to have reduced morbidity or increased resistance to S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum infection in the field have been identified and re-propagated for use in seed orchards and for breeding (McIlwrick et al 2000;Ostry and Woeste 2004;Michler et al 2005). Public and private agencies and landowners that wish to use "pure" butternut, if possible, for reintroduction and afforestation will require seedlings from seed orchards containing only trees that show no evidence of hybridization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA markers identify hybrids between butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) and Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia Carr.)

Zhao

Woeste

2010

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) is a temperate deciduous hardwood native to the eastern USA and southern Canada valued for its nuts and wood. Butternut's survival is threatened by butternut canker, a disease caused by the exotic fungus Sirococcus clavigignentijuglandacearum Nair, Kostichka & Kuntz. Field observations indicate that trees commonly called buartnut (a hybrid of butternut and its close congener Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia × J. cinerea)) may be more resistant to butternut canker than is either parental species. Hybrids are difficult to distinguish morphologically from butternuts, and scientists have expressed concern over the possibility of range-wide genetic invasion by Japanese walnut via hybridization with butternut. We used pair-wise combinations of 40 random primers to screen bulked DNA pools of butternut, Japanese walnut, and buartnuts to identify genomic regions unique to Japanese walnut. We ultimately identified one ITS region marker, one chloroplast marker, one mitochondrial marker, and six nuclear markers. The utility of the markers for identifying hybrids was tested and verified using more than 190 genotypes. The markers will be used to identify buartnut hybrids based on the presence of introgressed genomic fragments inherited from Japanese walnut. We confirmed that hybrids have a complex genetic history and present features of the parental species in all possible combinations. These results will assist in the identification and testing of (non-hybrid) butternut for breeding and reintroduction of the species to its former habitats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA markers identify hybrids between butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) and Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia Carr.)

Zhao

Woeste

2010

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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“…at approximately 15% of their MC and above 0°C, which is similar to the storage conditions for many intermediate seed species. McIlwrick et al (2000) described Juglans cinerea L. seeds as recalcitrant, which do not survive desiccation below a 15% MC or storage below −40°C. In general, seed behavior can differ among species within a specific family or even within a genus; for example, in the genus Acer L., most (but not all) of its member species produce orthodox seeds (Suszka et al 1996).…”

Section: Seed Dormancy Desiccation and Freezing Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Desiccation, dormancy, and storage of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) seeds: application in Hyrcanian and Colchian forest conservation

et al. 2020

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Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach (Juglandaceae) is a model relict tree species native to South Caucasus and is a typical element of threatened riparian forests. Intensive land transformations, which are common in Transcaucasia, have resulted in loss of natural habitat and population decline of the species. One of the methods of ex situ conservation is seed banking. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) is of particular interest, as it allows safe preservation of valuable plant genetic resources. However, the feasibility of seed cryopreservation is related to the desiccation tolerance and intrinsic composition of the seeds. In this study, we examined the physiological traits of Pterocarya fraxinifolia seeds, for which desiccation tolerance is unknown or controversial, and their feasibility for cryopreservation. Additionally, we tested stratification methods for dormancy assessment. Results showed that seeds survived desiccation to a moisture content of 2.8% with a germination rate of 64%. Stratification at a temperature of 3 °C for 8 weeks proved to be both fast and effective. Seed moisture content ranging from 2.8% to 18.1% was determined to be safe for cryopreservation. There was no difference in seedling emergence in seeds stored for 1 year regardless of the storage temperature (−3, −18, or −196 °C). Based on our results, Pterocarya fraxinifolia seeds can be classified as orthodox. This study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of cryopreserving Pterocarya fraxinifolia seeds.

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“…Although butternut is susceptible to damage from other diseases and pests (Rink 1990), butternut canker is the greatest threat to the survival of the species (Loo et al 2007). Restoration of butternut will require a concerted effort to identify germplasm for both ex situ and in situ conservation and the identification of apparently disease-resistant phenotypes (McIlwrick et al 2000, Ostry et al 2003, Michler et al 2005). Ostry and Woeste (2004) have described an uncommon dark-barked phenotype that is common among healthy trees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and molecular methods to identify butternut (Juglans cinerea) and butternut hybrids: relevance to butternut conservation

et al. 2008

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Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) is a native, cold-tolerant, hard-mast species formerly valued for its nuts and wood, which is now endangered. The most immediate threat to butternut restoration is the spread of butternut canker disease, caused by the exotic fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Nair, Kostichka & Kuntz. Other threats include the hybridization of butternut with the exotic Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia Carr.) and poor regeneration. The hybrids, known as buartnuts, are vegetatively vigorous, highly fecund, more resistant than butternut to butternut canker disease and difficult to identify. We review the vegetative and reproductive morphological traits that distinguish butternut from hybrids and identify those that can be used by field biologists to separate the taxa. No single trait was sufficient to separate butternut from hybrids, but pith color, lenticel size, shape and abundance, and the presence or absence of a notch in the upper margin of leaf scars, can be used in combination with other traits to identify butternuts and exclude most hybrids. In at least one butternut population, reduced symptoms of butternut canker disease were significantly associated with a dark barked phenotype. We also describe two randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that differentiate butternuts from hybrids based on DNA polymorphism. Together, these results should assist in the identification and testing of non-hybrid butternut for breeding and reintroduction of the species to its former habitats.

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Ex situconservation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata(Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinereaL.), a review

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

DNA markers identify hybrids between butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) and Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia Carr.)

DNA markers identify hybrids between butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) and Japanese walnut (Juglans ailantifolia Carr.)

Desiccation, dormancy, and storage of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) seeds: application in Hyrcanian and Colchian forest conservation

Morphological and molecular methods to identify butternut (Juglans cinerea) and butternut hybrids: relevance to butternut conservation

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