Feroxichthys panzhouensissp. nov., a hump-backed colobodontid (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the early Middle Triassic of Panzhou, Guizhou, China

Abstract

Neopterygii is a taxonomically diverse clade of ray-finned fishes, including Teleostei, Holostei and closely related fossil taxa. The Colobodontidae is a stem group of large-sized neopterygians with a durophagous feeding adaption from the Middle to Late Triassic marine ecosystems in Europe and South China. Here, we report the discovery of a new colobodontid, Feroxichthys panzhouensis sp. nov., based on a well-preserved specimen from the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Panzhou (formerly known as Panxian), Guizhou, China. The discovery extends the geographical distribution of Feroxichthys from eastern Yunnan into western Guizhou, and demonstrates a more rapid diversification of early colobodontids than previously thought. The new species possesses diagnostic features of Feroxichthys (e.g., a fused lacrimal-maxilla), but it is easily distinguished from the type species Feroxichthys yunnanensis and other colobodontids by some derived features on the skull and, especially, the relatively short and deep body with a prominent postcranial hump. This body form, previously unknown in colobodontids, implicates a morphological adaptation to structurally complex habitats in light of ecological studies of modern ray-finned fishes with a similar body form. In addition, the feeding apparatus suggests a more obligate durophagous diet for F. panzhouensis sp. nov. than other colobodontids. Results of a cladistic analysis recover the new species as a sister taxon of F. yunnanensis within the Colobodontidae, and suggest that a hump-backed body form has independently evolved multiple times in Triassic neopterygians. As such, the new finding provides an important addition for our understanding of the morphological and ecological diversity of neopterygian fishes from the Triassic marine ecosystems in South China.

The oldest species of Peltoperleidus (Louwoichthyiformes, Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of China, with phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

“…The strict consensus tree (Fig. 10) shows that the traditional, broadly inclusive 'Perleidiformes' or even 'Perleididae' are paraphyletic Full-size  DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12225/fig- 10 groups composed of a series of independent stem-neopterygian lineages, in accordance with other recent analyses (Xu, Gao & Coates, 2015;Xu, Zhao & Shen, 2015, Xu, Ma & Zhao, 2018Wen et al, 2019;Xu, 2020aXu, , 2021Ma, Xu & Geng, 2021). In this cladogram, four species of Peltoperleidus form a well-supported monophyletic group within the Louwoichthyiformes, and P. asiaticus sp.…”

“…The new taxon was incorporated in a phylogenetic analysis based on the data matrix of Ma, Xu & Geng (2021). The current data matrix was generated by WinClada 1.00.08 (Nixon, 2002), including 134 morphological characters and 59 actinopterygian taxa (see Supplemental Material).…”