<i>FLD</i> interacts with genes that affect different developmental phase transitions to regulate <i>Arabidopsis</i> shoot development

Chou, Ming-Lun; Yang, Chang‐Hsien

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00204.x

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In the flf-1 / flf-1 plants, after several months of growth, bolts arose from the internodes between the rosette leaves, elongated ‫ف‬ 2 to 3 cm, and formed aerial rosettes. This growth pattern gives the mutant plants a domelike appearance ( Figure 1C), similar to that described for the F ( florens ) and fld ( flowering locus d ) mutants (Koornneef et al, 1994;Chou and Yang, 1998). The late-flowering phenotype is more extreme than are the phenotypes of the previously reported late-flowering mutants and ecotypes (Koornneef et al, 1991), with the possible exception of the F mutant (Koornneef et al,1994).…”

Section: Insertion Of Two Inverted Adjacent T-dnas Produces the Flf-1supporting

confidence: 83%

The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation

Sheldon

Burn

Peréz³

et al. 1999

Plant Cell

874

345

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Section: Insertion Of Two Inverted Adjacent T-dnas Produces the Flf-1supporting

confidence: 83%

The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation

Sheldon

Burn

Peréz³

et al. 1999

Plant Cell

874

345

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“…1B) relative to Ler, implicating FLC as the common target. This conclusion is supported by observations of late-flowering vernalization-responsive mutants in two other ecotypes, fld-2 in Columbia (Col) (15) and ld-3 in Wassilewskija-2 (Ws-2) (16). As with Ler, Col and Ws-2 display only a small vernalization response and have a low level of FLC transcript, whereas fld-2 and ld-3 have a higher level of FLC transcript ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

The molecular basis of vernalization: The central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)

Sheldon

Rouse²,

Finnegan³

et al. 2000

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

397

333

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R ecently, we reported on a gene, FLOWERING LOCUS F (FLF), from Arabidopsis whose activity, as determined by steady-state mRNA levels, is correlated quantitatively with the period taken to initiate flowering (1). The FLF gene encodes a putative transcription factor of the MADS-box class, which, we concluded, acts as a repressor of floral induction. Genetic analyses of Arabidopsis ecotypes previously identified FLOW-ERING LOCUS C (FLC) as a semidominant repressor of floral induction (2-4). Because FLF has similar properties to FLC and maps to the same chromosomal region, the possibility arose that FLF and FLC are one and the same gene; this hypothesis has been confirmed by Michaels and Amasino (5). We suggest that the gene be referred to as FLC and the mutants flf-1 to flf-9 now be referred to as flc-11 to flc-19.In many plant species, flowering is promoted by a period of exposure to low temperature through a process known as vernalization. A number of the late-flowering mutants and ecotypes of Arabidopsis have a vernalization response. We found that the vernalization-responsive late-flowering mutants had a higher level of FLC transcript than was present in the wild types and, importantly, that the non-vernalization-responsive lateflowering mutants did not have increased FLC transcript levels. The vernalization-responsive ecotype C24, which is somewhat late-flowering, also has a high level of FLC transcript that is reduced by the low-temperature treatment (1). These observations suggested to us that FLC must be directly involved in the vernalization response.We have shown that reduction in the level of genomic methylation largely substitutes for the low-temperature treatment in promoting flowering (6-8), implicating a reduction in DNA methylation level as a component in the vernalization response. Early-flowering METHYLTRANSFERASE1 antisense plants, with a decreased level of genomic methylation, have a reduced level of FLC activity as compared with the nontransformed control (1). The correlation between FLC transcription and methylation levels implies that FLC is regulated by methylation status, but we are not able to say whether this is through an alteration of the methylation status of the FLC gene itself, or whether it involves other genes that regulate FLC expression.In this paper, we demonstrate that the FLC gene is involved directly in controlling the response to vernalization and more generally in the timing of the transition to the reproductive phase of development. We find that a reduction in FLC activity is a key component of the vernalization response in six late-flowering vernalization-responsive mutants and in the C24 and Pitztal ecotypes. The late-flowering mutants are mutated in genes that regulate the activity of the FLC gene. We further show that the quantitative responses in the promotion of flowering to various periods of exposure to low temperature are paralleled by the levels of FLC transcript, and that the changes observed at the transcriptional level are reflected in the level of the FLC pr...

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“…S1F in the supplementary material). This is similar to late-flowering mutants, such as fca and fld, that are not in the GA pathway (Chandler et al, 1996;Chou and Yang, 1998). Second, we compared flowering time in long-day and short-day photoperiods.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 66%

Regulation of flowering time byArabidopsis MSI1

et al. 2006

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The transition to flowering is tightly controlled by endogenous programs and environmental signals. We found that MSI1 is a novel flowering-time gene in Arabidopsis. Both partially complemented msi1 mutants and MSI1 antisense plants were late flowering, whereas ectopic expression of MSI1 accelerated flowering. Physiological experiments revealed that MSI1 is similar to genes from the autonomous promotion of flowering pathway. Expression of most known flowering-time genes did not depend on MSI1, but the induction of SOC1 was delayed in partially complemented msi1 mutants. Delayed activation of SOC1 is often caused by increased expression of the floral repressor FLC. However, MSI1 function is independent of FLC. MSI1 is needed to establish epigenetic H3K4 di-methylation and H3K9 acetylation marks in SOC1 chromatin. The presence of these modifications correlates with the high levels of SOC1 expression that induce flowering in Arabidopsis. Together, the control of flowering time depends on epigenetic mechanisms for the correct expression of not only the floral repressor FLC, but also the floral activator SOC1.

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FLD interacts with genes that affect different developmental phase transitions to regulate Arabidopsis shoot development

Cited by 29 publications

References 49 publications

The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation

The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation

The molecular basis of vernalization: The central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)

Regulation of flowering time byArabidopsis MSI1

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