<i>FLOWERING LOCUS C</i> Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering

Michaels, Scott D.; Amasino, Richard M.

doi:10.1105/tpc.11.5.949

Cited by 1,723 publications

(948 citation statements)

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“…Most accessions that are commonly used in the laboratory are summer annuals that do not require vernalization. However, winter annuals do exist, and genetic analyses have shown that natural alleles of two genes, FLOWERING LOCUS C and FRIGIDA, to a large extent account for the vernalization requirement of these accessions [25,26]. With respect to photoperiod, flowering time in A. thaliana is dependent on the length of the day, with long days (16 h light) in general promoting floral transition compared to short days (8 h).…”

Section: Flowering Time Mutants In Arabidopsis Thalianamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This locus was evolutionarily modified by several rounds of deletions and mutations, which resulted in the summer-annual loss of function phenotype [25]. Further studies revealed that another gene, FLOW-ERING LOCUS C (FLC), and FRI are both required for vernalization to occur [26,86,87]. FRI functions by upregulating the expression of FLC, which is a potent floral repressor [88].…”

Section: Effects Of Vernalization On Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of flowering time: all roads lead to Rome

Srikanth

Schmid

2011

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

838

687

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Plants undergo a major physiological change as they transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development. This transition is a result of responses to various endogenous and exogenous signals that later integrate to result in flowering. Five genetically defined pathways have been identified that control flowering. The vernalization pathway refers to the acceleration of flowering on exposure to a long period of cold. The photoperiod pathway refers to regulation of flowering in response to day length and quality of light perceived. The gibberellin pathway refers to the requirement of gibberellic acid for normal flowering patterns. The autonomous pathway refers to endogenous regulators that are independent of the photoperiod and gibberellin pathways. Most recently, an endogenous pathway that adds plant age to the control of flowering time has been described. The molecular mechanisms of these pathways have been studied extensively in Arabidopsis thaliana and several other flowering plants.

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Section: Flowering Time Mutants In Arabidopsis Thalianamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Vernalization On Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of flowering time: all roads lead to Rome

Srikanth

Schmid

2011

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

838

687

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The extensive natural variation that occurs in Arabidopsis is being increasingly exploited as a source of genetic variability for the analysis of important agronomic traits (review in Alonso-Blanco and Koornneef 2000). Indeed, genes involved for example in disease resistance, or more recently in flowering time, have been cloned (Buell and Somerville 1997;Michaels and Amasino 1999;Johanson et al 2000), allowing investigation of the molecular basis of the allelic variation. The first step required for the successful cloning of genes associated with major QTLs is the generation of suitable mapping populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bay-0 × Shahdara recombinant inbred line population: a powerful tool for the genetic dissection of complex traits in Arabidopsis

et al. 2002

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Natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis is considerable, but has not yet been used extensively as a source of variants to identify new genes of interest. From the cross between two genetically distant ecotypes, Bay-0 and Shahdara, we generated a Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population dedicated to Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping. A set of 38 physically anchored microsatellite markers was created to construct a robust genetic map from the 420 F6 lines. These markers, evenly distributed throughout the five chromosomes, revealed a remarkable equilibrium in the segregation of parental alleles in the genome. As a model character, we have analysed the genetic basis of variation in flowering time in two different environments. The simultaneous mapping of both large- and small-effect QTLs responsible for this variation explained 90% of the total genotypic variance. Two of the detected QTLs colocalize very precisely with FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C genes; we provide information on the polymorphism of genes confirming this hypothesis. Another QTL maps in a region where no QTL had been found previously for this trait. This confirms the accuracy of QTL detection using the Bay-0 x Shahdara RIL population, which constitutes the largest in size available so far in Arabidopsis. As an alternative to mutant analysis, this population represents a powerful tool which is currently being used to undertake the genetic dissection of complex metabolic pathways.

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“…The FLC gene was cloned independently and almost simultaneously by two groups, with one lab using a transposon-tagged mutant and the other taking a labor-intensive map-based gene cloning approach (Michaels and Amasino, 1999;Sheldon et al, 1999). This gene encodes a MADS box transcription factor of which the expression is suppressed by both vernalization and autonomous pathway genes, while being activated by FRI.…”

Section: Molecular Characterization Of Flcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical perspective on breakthroughs in flowering field

Lee

2007

J. Plant Biol.

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Plants have evolved a mechanism to synchronize flowering time in response to environments. How plants recognize specific seasons for flowering has been a long sought question, thus, more than 100 years of research has been focused on this question. Especially in the past two decades, remarkable achievements have been made in identifying the molecular mechanism for flowering. Here we summarize the breakthroughs made in this field over the past century including discoveries of photoperiodic and vernalizatlon-induced flowering, the identification of complex genetic pathways, and the recently proposed identity of florigen. In addition, we present the currently accepted model for a molecular mechanism toward flowering.People always admire and enjoy seasonal blossoming of plants in nature. How plants recognize specific seasons for flowering has been a long sought question: more than 100 years of research has been focused on this question and for the last two decades, remarkable achievements have been made especially in the molecular mechanism. Because so many reviews for flowering mechanism are available, we would like to avoid adding a similar review to the exponentially accumulating literatures. Instead, we summarize the breakthroughs made in the field of flowering over the past century, mainly focused on the molecular mechanism. In this way, we hope the general readers be more easily familiarized how the concepts of flowering mechanism have been developed.People admire and enjoy the seasonal blossoming of plants in nature. How these organisms recognize the appropriate time for flowering has been intensively studied. More than 100 years of research has focused on this question, and over the past two decades, remarkable achievements have been made, especially in determining a molecular mechanism for this phenomenon. Rather than duplicating the numerous literature reviews already available, we instead summarize the breakthroughs made over the past century mainly focusing on how new concepts for flowering mechanism have been developed. ERA BEFORE MOLECULAR AGEPlants recognize specific seasons within the year by sensing the two most regularly changing environmental factors: photoperiod (day length) and temperature. Photoperiodic regulation of flowering was first reported by Garner and Allard (1920), who discovered that a mutant tobacco, 'Maryland Mammoth', bloomed only under short-day (SD) conditions. Since then, plants have been intensively analyzed and categorized, according to their photoperiodic *Corresponding author; fax +82-2-872-1993 e-mail ilhalee@snu.ac.kr response, as short-day plants (SDPs), long-day plants (LDPs), or day-neutral plants. The photoperiodic stimulus is perceived by the leaves. It was first demonstrated by Hamner and Bonner (1938), who showed that SD treatment of a single leaf from SDP Xanthium was sufficient to cause flowering even though the rest of the plant was kept in long days. That study also suggested the existence of transmissible floral signal(s) that was synthesized in the leaf and t...

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FLOWERING LOCUS C Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering

Cited by 1,723 publications

References 28 publications

Regulation of flowering time: all roads lead to Rome

Regulation of flowering time: all roads lead to Rome

Bay-0 × Shahdara recombinant inbred line population: a powerful tool for the genetic dissection of complex traits in Arabidopsis

Historical perspective on breakthroughs in flowering field

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