<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> (Reishi) an edible mushroom; a comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties

Ahmad, Rizwan; Riaz, Muhammad; Khan, Aslam; Aljamea, Ahmed; Algheryafi, Mohammad; Sewaket, Deya; Alqathama, Aljawharah

doi:10.1002/ptr.7215

Cited by 96 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 344 publications

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“…The differences in the chemical constituent of AR and GL may provide some hint as to why AR exhibits superior protective effects on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. A wide variety of constituents, including glycoproteins, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, benzopyran derivatives, and benzoic acid derivatives, have been found in GL [ 36 ]. Among them, polysaccharides are the most abundant component in the water extract [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Amauroderma rugosum on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Apoptosis, and Activating Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways

Cheng

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Clinical outcomes for doxorubicin (Dox) are limited by its cardiotoxicity but a combination of Dox and agents with cardioprotective activities is an effective strategy to improve its therapeutic outcome. Natural products provide abundant resources to search for novel cardioprotective agents. Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is the most well-known edible mushroom within the Ganodermataceae family. It is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine or as a healthcare product. Amauroderma rugosum (AR) is another genus of mushroom from the Ganodermataceae family, but its pharmacological activity and medicinal value have rarely been reported. In the present study, the cardioprotective effects of the AR water extract against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity were studied in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that both the AR and GL extracts could potentiate the anticancer effect of Dox. The AR extract significantly decreased the oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis seen in Dox-treated H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes. However, knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA abolished the protective effects of AR in these cells. In addition, Dox upregulated the expression of proapoptotic proteins and downregulated the Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, and these effects could be reversed by the AR extract. Consistently, the AR extract significantly prolonged survival time, reversed weight loss, and reduced cardiac dysfunction in Dox-treated mice. In addition, oxidative stress and apoptosis were suppressed, while Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions were elevated in the heart tissues of Dox-treated mice after treatment with the AR extract. However, the GL extract had less cardioprotective effect against Dox in both the cell and animal models. In conclusion, the AR water extract demonstrated a remarkable cardioprotective effect against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. One of the possible mechanisms for this effect was the upregulation of the mTOR/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1-dependent pathways, which may reduce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These findings suggested that AR may be beneficial for the heart, especially in patients receiving Dox-based chemotherapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Amauroderma rugosum on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Apoptosis, and Activating Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways

Cheng

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…lucidum with nutritional and cosmeceutical value are already available in the market. 27 AOA and ABA of secondary metabolites of Pleurotus species have also been reported. 28 In vitro safety of ethanolic extracts derived from G. lucidum and P. ostreatus incorporated into base cosmetic creams was evaluated.…”

Section: Cosmeceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Medicinal Macrofungi as Cosmeceuticals: A Review

Badalyan

Barkhudaryan

2022

Int J Med Mushrooms

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Macrofungi (mushrooms) have been previously studied for their nutritional value and medicinal properties. However, there is still slow progress in the biotechnological application of macrofungi in cosmetic industry as cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics. Currently, the cosmetic industry is in a constant search for valuable natural ingredients or extracts with relevant bioactive properties (anti-aging, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase, antipigmentation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase) to design formulations. Edible medicinal mushrooms are unlimited source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. They can be used as a source of ingredients to develop organic cosmeceuticals, nutriceuticals and nutracosmetics for topical and oral administration.

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“…A new triterpenoid from G. lucidum , named Ganoderterpene A, was evidenced to protect microglia from apoptosis by restraining the inflammatory response [ 12 ]. In our study, GLTs were systemically administered, which is consistent with the clinical medication practices of traditional Chinese medicine [ 10 , 62 ]. The preemptive treatment with GLTs decreased the expressions of peripheral inflammatory factors, alleviating the inflammatory responses in MS mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ganoderma Lucidum Triterpenoids Improve Maternal Separation-Induced Anxiety- and Depression-like Behaviors in Mice by Mitigating Inflammation in the Periphery and Brain

Zeng

Liu

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Although early life stress (ELS) can increase susceptibility to adulthood psychiatric disorders and produce a greater inflammatory response in a stressful event, targeted preventive and therapeutic drugs still remain scarce. Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs) can exert anti-inflammatory effects in the periphery and central nervous systems. This study employed a combined model of “childhood maternal separation + adulthood sub-stress” to explore whether GLTs may alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in male and female mice by mitigating inflammation. Male and female pups were separated from their mothers for four hours per day from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to PND 21; starting from PND 56, GLTs were administered intraperitoneally once daily for three weeks and followed by three days of sub-stress. Results showed that maternal separation increased the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in both male and female mice, which disappeared after the preemptive GLTs treatment (40 mg/kg) before adulthood sub-stress. Maternal separation up-regulated the pro-inflammatory markers in the periphery and brain, and activated microglia in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. All the abnormalities were reversed by GLTs administration, with no adverse effects on immune organ indices, liver, and renal function. Our findings suggest that GLTs can be a promising candidate in treating ELS-induced psychiatric disorders.

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Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) an edible mushroom; a comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties

Cited by 96 publications

References 344 publications

Protective Effects of Amauroderma rugosum on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Apoptosis, and Activating Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways

Protective Effects of Amauroderma rugosum on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Apoptosis, and Activating Akt/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways

Medicinal Macrofungi as Cosmeceuticals: A Review

Ganoderma Lucidum Triterpenoids Improve Maternal Separation-Induced Anxiety- and Depression-like Behaviors in Mice by Mitigating Inflammation in the Periphery and Brain

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