“…Consistent empirical evidence and numerous anecdotes from educators and students remind us that many classes that include team work activities fail to achieve their team work-linked learning goals and outcomes (Chapman et al, 2010;Opdecam & Everaert, 2018;Sashittal et al, 2011). Worse, perhaps, these courses end up leaving an indelible negative emotional experience in many of their participants and educators (Allan, 2016;Chapman et al, 2010;Coetzer et al, 2017;Freeman & Greencare, 2011;Hansen, 2006;Martell, 2007;McCorkle et al, 1999;Muff, 2012;Payne & Monk-Turner, 2006;Rhew et al, 2019;Shuayto, 2013;Tanyel et al, 1999). Indeed, some critics have accused educators of using team work activities only to reduce their workload and not doing enough to teach students how to become more effective team members and leaders (Koh & Hill, 2009;McCorkle et al, 1999;Rudawska, 2017;Sashittal et al, 2011;Vik, 2001;Volkov & Volkov, 2015).…”