<i>Hikikomori</i> in Spain: A descriptive study

Malagón-Amor, Ángeles; Córcoles-Martínez, David; Martín-López, Luis Miguel; Pérez‐Solà, Víctor

doi:10.1177/0020764014553003

Cited by 85 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…In 2010, we conducted the first international hikikomori survey targeting psychiatrists in Australia, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the USA using two case vignettes in a self‐reporting format and showed the possibility of a hikikomori ‐like phenomenon in all the countries surveyed . Thereafter, the cases of hikikomori sufferers in countries including France, Spain, Italy and Brazil were reported . Epidemiological surveys of hikikomori outside Japan are very limited.…”

Section: Multidimensional Understandings Of Hikikomorimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Kato

Kanba

Teo

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

182

271

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Hikikomori, a severe form of social withdrawal, has long been observed in Japan mainly among youth and adolescents since around the 1970s, and has been especially highlighted since the late 1990s. Moreover, hikikomori‐like cases have recently been reported in many other countries. Hikikomori negatively influences not only the individual's mental health and social participation, but also wider education and workforce stability, and as such is a novel urgent global issue. In this review, we introduce the history, definition, diagnostic evaluation, and interventions for hikikomori and also the international prevalence of hikikomori outside Japan. We propose a hypothesis regarding the globalization of hikikomori based on domestic and international perspectives. In addition, we introduce our latest assessment system for hikikomori (including the latest version of the ‘proposed diagnostic criteria of hikikomori for the future DSM/ICD diagnostic systems’) and propose therapeutic strategies, including family approaches and individualized therapies. Finally, we present future challenges that may lead to solutions for an internationalized hikikomori.

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Section: Multidimensional Understandings Of Hikikomorimentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Kato

Kanba

Teo

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

182

271

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“…The mean number of visits was 4, with a wide range, from 1 to 21 visits. A review of the previous articles will provide more information on the operation of the equipment (2,3). When CRHT home treatment was completed, cases were referred to the most appropriate device in an individualized manner: outpatient psychiatric or medical center, hospitalization, or others.…”

Section: Home Visitation Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Social withdrawal syndrome was first described in Japan as hikikomori, and defined as the state of confining oneself to one's house for more than 6 months and strictly limiting communication with others (1). In recent years its existence has been described in other countries and cultures, noting that other factors besides Japanese culture may also influence its origin and development (2)(3)(4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is why, after the initial consultation, the first step is to alleviate the psychological burden on the parents themselves, support them and relieve their feelings of despair and selfcondemnation (7,8), perform family psychoeducation (4), and facilitate understanding and acceptance of the diagnosis and treatment of social withdrawal. It is also relevant for early detection in relatives or descendants of people with mental illness (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Family Features of Social Withdrawal Syndrome (Hikikomori)

et al. 2020

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Background: Family may play an important role in the origin, maintenance, and treatment of people with social withdrawal. The aim of this study is to analyze family factors related to social withdrawal syndrome. Methods: Socio-demographic, clinical, and family data, including family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and history of family abuse were analyzed in 190 cases of social withdrawal with a minimum duration of 6 months that started an at-home treatment program. Data were analyzed at baseline and at 12 months. Results: In 36 cases (18%) neither the patient nor the family allowed at home evaluation and treatment by the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) team. Patients had high rates of dysfunctional family dynamics (n = 115, 61.5%), and family psychiatric history (n = 113, 59.3%), especially maternal affective (n = 22, 42.9%), and anxiety disorders (n = 11 20.4%). There was a non-negligible percentage of family maltreatment in childhood (n = 35, 20.7%) and single-parent families (n = 66, 37.8%). Most of the cases lived with their families (n = 135, 86%), had higher family collaboration in the therapeutic plan (n = 97, 51.9%) and families were the ones to detect patient isolation and call for help (n = 140, 73.7%). Higher social withdrawal severity (as defined by at least one of: early age of onset, no family collaboration, lack of insight, higher CGSI score, and higher Zarit score), was associated with family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and family abuse history. All of these predictive variables were highly correlated one to each other. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and traumatic events in childhood (family maltreatment), and these factors are closely interrelated, highlighting the potential role of family in the development and maintenance of social withdrawal.

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“…Victor and Yang (2012), in a study in the UK, confirm that loneliness prevalence is higher among those aged under 25 and over 65 years, with 9% feeling lonely "all or most of the time", and 28% (men) and 34% (women) experiencing loneliness sometimes. Complete withdrawal from societal face-to-face contact to a home-centred lifestyle, termed 'Hikikomori Syndrome', has grown in prevalence in Japan to 2% of 20-29 year olds, with evidence of the phenomenon also in Spain (Malagón-Amor, Córcoles-Martínez, Martín-López and Pérez-Solà 2015). Notably, loneliness is a stigma, and, as an expression of lack of social ties, may thus not be discussed openly (Rokach 2013).…”

Section: Social Connectedness and The Condition Of Lonelinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourism as connectedness

Gößling

Cohen

Hibbert

2016

Current Issues in Tourism

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Late modernity in developed nations is characterized by changing social and psychological conditions, including individualization, processes of competition and loneliness. Remaining socially connected is becoming increasingly important. In this situation, travel provides meaning through physical encounters, inclusion in traveller Gemeinschaft based on shared norms, beliefs and interests, and social status in societies increasingly defined by mobilities. As relationships are forged and found in mobility, travel is no longer an option, rather a necessity for sociality, identity construction, affirmation or alteration. Social contexts and the underlying motivations for tourism have changed fundamentally in late modernity: nontourism has become a threat to self-conceptions. By integrating social and psychological perspectives, this paper expands and deepens existing travel and mobilities discussions to advance the understanding of tourism as a mechanism of social connectedness, and points to implications for future tourism research.

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Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study

Cited by 85 publications

References 23 publications

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

Family Features of Social Withdrawal Syndrome (Hikikomori)

Tourism as connectedness

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