Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by Garcinia Fruits andTheir Biological Applications

Abstract

Background: Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using medicinal plant extract is an emerging area of research due to their applicability in nanomedicines. Methods: In this study, aqueous extracts prepared from fruit-pericarps of two Garcinia species, G. indica (GI) and G. cambogia (GC) fruits which are important medicinally and commercially have been utilized for the synthesis of AuNPs. Various analytical techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs were investigated for their biological properties such as antioxidant activity using the (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH model, cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell line, and antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains viz. B. subtilis and E. coli. Results: The absorption peak of the AuNPs is observed at 541 nm using UV–Visible spectroscopy. The high resolution – scanning electron microscopy images showed spherical with a triangular shape AuNPs and their average sizes were ranging from 2 – 10 nm and it was found to be in good agreement with the particle size of 8 – 11 nm determined using X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that water-soluble biomolecules from the aqueous extracts of the Garcinia species played a crucial role in the formation of AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs exhibited considerable cytotoxicity with IC50 values 34.55 µg/ml (GI) and 35.69 µg/ml (GC) against the MCF-7 cancer cell line. Furthermore, synthesized AuNPs also demonstrated significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties comparable to the standards used. Conclusion: AuNPs have been synthesized using a simple green approach. The synthesized AuNPs demonstrated promising cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide Nanostructures Derived from Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf Extract

“…Similar observations were reported from green to dark brown and bluish to dark green in green synthesizing CuO NPs using Cedrus deodara leaf [ 42 ] and Bougainvillea flower [ 43 ] extracts. The color changes before and after green synthesis of CuO NPs were due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. The presence of phytochemicals in plant extract generates the electrons and causes the reduction of copper salt and conversion into CuO NPs [ 3 ].…”

“…The strong signal with high intensity of copper and oxygen elements shown in EDX spectrums indicates the formation of CuO NPs. At low calcination temperatures (200, 300 and 400 °C), a weak signal of carbon appeared as an impurity in the synthesized CuO NPs due to the slow reduction of attached phytochemicals [ 87 ] as reducing, stabilizing and capping agents in green synthesizing NPs [ 10 , 59 , 73 , 82 ]. Also, the presence of carbon might be caused by the contamination from environment or substrate or adsorption of phytochemicals on the surface of NPs [ 19 , 68 ].…”

Impact of Diverse Parameters on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide–Copper Oxide Nanocomposites Derived from an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf

“…The presence of phytochemicals in the mangosteen leaf aqueous extract led to the occurrence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena at a specific wavelength. The change in color of the leaf aqueous extract from light brown to brown upon the addition of the precursors revealed the reduction of zinc(II) ions to zinc(0) and copper(II) to copper(0), followed by oxidation into ZnO-CuO [17,37,38]. As a result, the absorption peaks of the ZnO-CuO NCs were red-shifted to a higher wavelength due to the formation of secondary electronic states, influenced by the metal oxide conjugation with electronic transitions between the valence band and conduction band and the exchange interaction of s, p-d spin within the atoms of metal and oxygen [23].…”

“…Generally, various parts of plants, including flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds, are utilized in the green synthesizing of nanomaterials [13][14][15]. During the green synthesis process, phytochemicals present in plants, such as phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitrogenous compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and pigments, accumulate and later interact with metals to cap, stabilize and reduce to NPs [9,16,17]. However, achieving the desired morphology and shape remains a challenge in the green synthesis of NPs and NCs.…”

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles for Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Methylene Blue for Sustainable Development

“…GNPs derived from plant extracts show a wide variety of biological activities, including anti-bacterial, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-biofouling, anti-malarial, anti-parasitic, antioxidants [36][37][38][39] and catalytic activity [40]. GNPs can also be synthesized by green synthetic methods.…”