<i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i>(Ich) Epizootics in Spawning Sockeye Salmon in British Columbia, Canada

Traxler, G. S.; Richard, Jon; McDonald, T. E.

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0143:imieis>2.0.co;2

Cited by 80 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The parasite, with a wide temperature tolerance (Wagner 1960;Aihua and Buchmann 2001) and a very low degree of host specificity (Buchmann and Nielsen 1999), is probably the most widespread parasite of freshwater teleosts with a geographical range extending from the tropics to temperate regions, northwards in Europe to the Arctic Circle (Matthews 2005), and caused disease (ichthyophthiriasis) not only in wild freshwater fish and in freshwater aquaculture (Nigrelli et al 1976;Wurtsbaugh and Tapia 1988;Buchmann and Bresciani 1997;Traxler et al 1998;Rintamaki-Kinnunen et al 2005a,b), but also in the ornamental fish trade (Kim et al 2002;Thilakaratne et al 2003;Matthews 2005). Infections with I. multifiliis are causing extensive economic losses for conventional earth pond fish farmers as well as fish farmers using new high-technology re-circulated systems (Jorgensen et al 2008;Heinecke and Buchmann 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

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Abstracts Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T -V SS , the volume of stock solution; V T , the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P<0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T ) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C.frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V SS /V T of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P<0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

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“…Without any preventive treatment it may cause high mortality among both juvenile and adult fish (Elser 1955, Valtonen & Keränen 1981, Majeed et al 1984, Wurtsbaugh & Tapia 1988, Traxler et al 1998. Many chemicals have been tested for preventing the disease, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Rintamäki-Kinnunen¹,

Rahkonen²,

Mannermaa-Keränen³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Since the use of malachite green was banned in many European countries, new alternative treatments have been tested to prevent white spot disease caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. We tested formalin, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and Per Aqua or Desirox alone or in combinations of 2 chemicals, one of which was always formalin, in 50 m 2 concrete tanks at 2 farms producing salmon Salmo salar smolt in 2001 and 2002. Both Per Aqua and Desirox are combinations of peracetic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The alternative chemicals or their combinations can be used successfully to lower the parasite burden to such a level that no high mortality occurs during the first 4 wk after the start of an infection. This period of time allows the fish to develop immunity against these ciliates, and treatments can be reduced and stopped in due course. I. multifiliis decreased in number 3 to 4 wk after the beginning of the infection in all the treatments. Large differences in parasite burden and mortality occurred among the replicates in all except the Desirox-formalin tanks, which means that they are not as reliable as the malachite green-formalin used previously. It was also evident that the chemicals and their concentrations must be planned carefully to suit the conditions on each farm. KEY WORDS: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis · Salmo salar · Fish farming · Immunity · Alternative chemicalsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…Ichthyophthiriasis is a parasitic disease of freshwater fish which leads to high mortality and heavy economic loss for aquaculture (Paperna 1972, Jessop 1995, Traxler et al 1998). The disease is caused by a ciliated protozoan, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Ich), with 3 developmental stages: a reproductive tomont, an infective theront and a parasitic trophont (Hines & Spira 1974, Nigrelli et al 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two year study on the infectivity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Xu¹,

Klesius²

2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) is a fish parasite that causes serious economic loss for aquaculture. A major difficulty in the maintenance of single isolates of Ich for research purposes is the loss of infectivity. After an unknown number of passages or infection cycles the Ich isolate loses its infectivity. This study determined the infectivity of an Ich isolate during 105 infection cycles in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus over a 2 yr period. The mean percentage of fish infected by Ich, the infection levels and the time to trophont emergence were each compared after 4 cyclic periods

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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis(Ich) Epizootics in Spawning Sockeye Salmon in British Columbia, Canada

Cited by 80 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Two year study on the infectivity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

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