<i>In situ</i> formation of a multicomponent inorganic-rich SEI layer provides a fast charging and high specific energy Li-metal battery

Sun, Ho-Hyun; Dolocan, Andrei; Weeks, Jason A.; Rodríguez, Rodrigo; Heller, Adam; Mullins, C. Buddie

doi:10.1039/c9ta05063a

Cited by 114 publications

(110 citation statements)

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“…The anodes aged at − 20 °C exhibit an additional peak around 530.5 eV. This peak is attributed to LiOH or Li 2 O species [45,46]. The bulk material of the fresh anode generates no significant O1s peak anymore.…”

Section: Chemical Compositions Of Anode Close-to-surface Materials Andmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…LiF is not observed on the cathode surfaces aged at 55 °C, even though it is a product of the reactions (1), (2) and (4) and often found in LiPF 6 based electrolytes [11,12,53]. High temperature cycling might promote LiF dissolution into the electrolyte, which could explain the missing LiF peaks for the cathodes aged at 55 °C [46,47].…”

Section: Chemical Compositions Of Cathode Close-to-surface Materials Amentioning

confidence: 98%

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Influence of cycling profile, depth of discharge and temperature on commercial LFP/C cell ageing: post-mortem material analysis of structure, morphology and chemical composition

et al. 2020

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The paper presents post-mortem analysis of commercial LiFePO4 battery cells, which are aged at 55 °C and − 20 °C using dynamic current profiles and different depth of discharges (DOD). Post-mortem analysis focuses on the structure of the electrodes using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical composition changes using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that ageing at lower DOD results in higher capacity fading compared to higher DOD cycling. The anode surface aged at 55 °C forms a dense cover on the graphite flakes, while at the anode surface aged at − 20 °C lithium plating and LiF crystals are observed. As expected, Fe dissolution from the cathode and deposition on the anode are observed for the ageing performed at 55 °C, while Fe dissolution and deposition are not observed at − 20 °C. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the surface conductivity is examined, which shows only minor degradation for the cathodes aged at − 20 °C. The cathodes aged at 55 °C exhibit micrometer size agglomerates of nanometer particles on the cathode surface. The results indicate that cycling at higher SOC ranges is more detrimental and low temperature cycling mainly affects the anode by the formation of plated Li. Graphic abstract

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Section: Chemical Compositions Of Anode Close-to-surface Materials Andmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Chemical Compositions Of Cathode Close-to-surface Materials Amentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of cycling profile, depth of discharge and temperature on commercial LFP/C cell ageing: post-mortem material analysis of structure, morphology and chemical composition

et al. 2020

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“…[ 26,38 ] Notably, the boron‐contained species with high ion conductivity are considered to act as an SEI binder, which can bond the inorganic components and the organic polymer together tightly, resulting in a robust and flexible SEI layer. [ 48,49 ] The SEI layer with boron species has been proved to be effective for metal anode protection. [ 50–52 ] Therefore, regulating the components and structure of the in situ formed SEI is of great significance to protect the metal anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Sodium Metal Batteries via Manipulation of Electrolyte Solvation Structure

et al. 2020

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ion batteries (LIBs), which significantly hinders the technology adoption rate. The energy density of SIBs is greatly limited by the anode material, [10] for example, the conventional anode, hard carbon, can only provide a specific capacity of ≈250 mAh g −1 . Sodium metal is an ideal alternative of the anode materials for SIBs due to its relatively high theoretical specific capacity (1166 mAh g −1 ) and low redox potential (−2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode). [11][12][13][14][15] Typical sodium metal batteries, such as sodium-sulfur and sodium-oxygen batteries, have ultrahigh theoretical energy densities of 1274 and 1605 Wh kg −1 , respectively, which are 10 times higher than that of the SIBs (120 Wh kg −1 ). [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Applications of Li metal anode have been hindered by the scarcity and uneven distribution of Li resource. Benefiting from the wide distribution of Na resource, it is possible to design high power, high energy density and low-cost sodium-based batteries by "enhanced cathode materials," [24] "electrolyte design" [25] and sodium metal anode protection.Although the sodium metal anode holds promising potential for providing high energy density, its practical applications are encountered with several essential challenges, such as dendritic growth and side reactions, thus leading to serious safety issues and short battery life. To overcome these problems, tremendous efforts have been devoted to suppressing the sodium dendrite growth and enhancing the Coulombic efficiency (CE) of sodium metal anode. A variety of strategies have been proposed to improve the reversibility and cycling stability, including the utilization of 3D current collectors, manipulation of artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and development of stable electrolyte solvation structure. For example, the 3D metal skeletons, [26,27] carbon-based materials, [28][29][30][31][32] and pillared Mxene [33] have been used as current collectors for sodium metal anode, which successfully change the sodium plating/stripping behaviors and achieve better cycling performances by reducing the local current densities at the electrode surface. However, the direct consequences for using 3D current collectors include the introduction of voids and additional weight of inactive materials and the sacrifice of the first cycle CE caused by increased anode surface area. The utilization of artificial SEI is another common strategy to physically suppress the Na dendrite and increase the CE of sodium anode. [34][35][36][37][38][39] Nevertheless, it is still challenging to design suitable artificial SEI because of the large size of the Sodium metal batteries have attracted rapidly rising attention due to their low cost and high energy densities. However, the instability and low efficiency of metallic sodium anodes pose significant concerns for their practical applications. Here a highly stable sodium metal anode enabled by an etherbased electrolyte is reported, which exhibits a long-term stable cycling up to 400 cycles and achie...

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“…[ 67 ] The B–O species with high ion conductivity work as a strong binder to tightly connect the inorganic components in the inner SEI part and the organic polymer in the top layer, which can lead to a continuous and flexible SEI layer. [ 68,69 ] Furthermore, a NaBF 4 ‐based electrolyte using another solvent (tetraglyme) exhibited an excellent cycling efficiency (99.9%) of a Na metal anode for over 1000 cycles. [ 70 ] Except for the glymes investigated by Cui's group, a stable SEI layer on the Na metal is also achievable by using dimethyoxyethane (DME) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvents as reported by other groups.…”

Section: Stabilization Of the Sei On Na Metal Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Sodium Metal Anodes

Bao

Wang

Liu

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

209

145

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Sodium metal anodes have attracted significant attention due to their high specific capacity (1166 mA h g −1), low redox potential (−2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode), and abundant natural resources. Nevertheless, unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) and uncontrolled dendrite growth critically hinder their commercialization. Notably, SEIs play a critical role in regulating Na deposition and improving the cycling stability of rechargeable Na metal batteries. Recently, SEI research on Na metal anodes has been intensively conducted worldwide; thus, a comprehensive review is necessary. Herein, initially, the fundamentals of SEI and the related issues induced by its intrinsic instability are discussed. Thereafter, advanced characterization techniques that unveil the morphological evolution and interfacial chemistry of Na metal anodes are presented. Subsequently, efficient strategies, including liquid electrolyte engineering, artificial SEI, and solid-state electrolyte technology, to stabilize SEI films are outlined. Finally, key aspects and prospects in the development of SEI for Na metal anodes are highlighted. It is believed that this review will serve to further advance the understanding and development of SEIs for Na metal anodes.

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In situ formation of a multicomponent inorganic-rich SEI layer provides a fast charging and high specific energy Li-metal battery

Abstract: Incorporation of multiple inorganics that complement each other can strengthen the efficacy of the SEI layer.

Cited by 114 publications

References 44 publications

Influence of cycling profile, depth of discharge and temperature on commercial LFP/C cell ageing: post-mortem material analysis of structure, morphology and chemical composition

Influence of cycling profile, depth of discharge and temperature on commercial LFP/C cell ageing: post-mortem material analysis of structure, morphology and chemical composition

Stable Sodium Metal Batteries via Manipulation of Electrolyte Solvation Structure

Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Sodium Metal Anodes

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